Barriers in Learning Arabic Nahwu and Sharaf: A Literature Study

The study of Arabic in Indonesia cannot be separated from the mastery of nahwu and sharaf as the main foundation for understanding the structure and meaning of the language. However, these two branches of knowledge are often considered difficult by students because they have complex linguistic characteristics that differ from the learners' native languages. This study aims to examine various linguistic obstacles in learning Arabic nahwu and sharaf through a literature review approach. The method used is a literature review of books, journal articles, and previous research results relevant to the learning of nahwu and sharaf. The results of the study show that the main linguistic obstacles include differences in the grammatical systems between Arabic and Indonesian, the complexity of i'rab rules, changes in word forms through wazan and tashrīf, and limited mastery of vocabulary and sentence structure. In addition, the use of technical terms in nahwu and sharaf that are abstract in nature also makes it difficult for students to understand.  Another obstacle found was the low ability to apply rules contextually in sentences and texts, so that learning tended to be theoretical. This study also found that less varied learning methods and a lack of practical exercises further reinforced these linguistic obstacles. Therefore, innovation in learning strategies and methods is needed, such as contextual approaches, graded exercises, and the use of learning media and technology, to help students understand nahwu and sharaf more effectively. The findings in this study are expected to serve as a reference for educators and researchers in developing nahwu and sharaf learning that is more responsive to the linguistic obstacles faced by students.