SEMANTICS TRANSFERENCE IN TAGALOG

We say "X gave Y to Z", but "X took Y from Z." What is marked by a change of prepositions in English is marked by a change of verbal affixes in Tagalog. This change of markers is triggered by the direction taken by Y between X and Z. This movement is deemed to be a universal semantic trait. It is proposed to call it "transference." Forward transference (FT) is that of verbs like "give", and backward transference (ВТ) that of verbs like "take." Transference is reversed in a few PA- verbs. Whether they be FT or ВТ, all factitive and causative verbs have the morphology of FT verbs. So have reciprocal verbs despite the fact that transference is neutralized in them. Transference pervades the entire clause nucleus (the verb and its actants). It is not activated in all languages. When so, it is surfaced either in the predicate verb (e.g. Tagalog), or in the preposition before the third actant (e.g. English).