Network Mendelian randomization study: exploring the causal pathway from insomnia to type 2 diabetes

Introduction Insomnia is a novel pathogen for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, mechanisms linking insomnia and T2DM are poorly understood. In this study, we apply a network Mendelian randomization (MR) framework to determine the causal association between insomnia and T2DM and identify the potential mediators, including overweight (body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, and body fat percentage) and glycometabolism (HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, and fasting blood insulin). Research design and methods We use the MR framework to detect effect estimates of the insomnia–T2DM, insomnia–mediator, and mediator–T2DM associations. A mediator between insomnia and T2DM is established if MR studies in all 3 steps prove causal associations. Results In the Inverse variance weighted method, the results show that insomnia will increase the T2DM risk (OR 1.142; 95% CI 1.072 to 1.216; p=0.000), without heterogeneity nor horizontal pleiotropy, strongly suggesting that genetically predicted insomnia has a causal association with T2DM. Besides, our MR analysis provides strong evidence that insomnia is causally associated with BMI and body fat percentage. There is also suggestive evidence of an association between insomnia and the waist-to-hip ratio. At the same time, our results indicate that insomnia is not causally associated with glycometabolism. Higher BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, and body fat percentage levels are strongly associated with increased risk of T2DM. Conclusions Genetically predicted insomnia has a causal association with T2DM. Being overweight (especially BMI and body fat percentage) mediates the causal pathway from insomnia to T2DM.