Pharmacological Investigation of Anti-coagulant, Anti-hyperglycaemic, and Anti-hyperlipidemic Potential of Ethanol Extract of Amomum subulatum Seeds

Amomum subulatum, often known as black cardamom (Zingiberaceae), is used in traditional medicine to reduce the risk of diabetes, stroke, heart disease, and other conditions. The present work was undertaken to evaluate the effects of ethanol extract of Amomum subulatum seeds on blood plasma clotting time, glucose concentration levels, percentage of glucose diffusion, and lipid profile such as serum concentrations of bad cholesterol e.g. low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TG), and cholesterol parameters.  Herein, the in vitro anticoagulant activity of the extract was assessed through a prothrombin time (PT) test on blood plasma, antihyperlipidemic activity in vivo was assessed using the high-fat diet overload test on Swiss-albino mice, and antihyperglycemic potential was evaluated through in-vivo oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and in-vitro glucose diffusion assay. In comparison to hyperlipidemic mice, the results demonstrated that 4 % ethanol extract combined with a dietary supplement decreased the levels of low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and cholesterol. When compared to the standard activity of warfarin (5 mg/ml), a prothrombin time (PT) of roughly 7 minutes suggested that Amomum subulatum (15 mg/ml) was acting as an anticoagulant agent. The extract at 500 mg/ml significantly inhibited the diffusion of glucose through a semi-permeable barrier and, at 500 mg/kg dose significantly decreased blood glucose levels in diabetic mice (7.63±0.15, 7.5 ±0.12, and 5.03 ±0.08 mM/L at 30, 90, and 150 minutes, respectively). Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, etc. in the ethanol extract. Considering the results of this investigation, Amomum subulatum has potent anticoagulant, antihyperglycemic, and antihyperlipidemic effects that make it useful for treating cardiac problems and diabetes.