Economic and agricultural variables governing agricultural production in Iraq: An analytical econometric study

This study aimed to determine the impact of economic and agricultural variables governing agricultural production in Iraq, namely (agricultural worker productivity, net agricultural trade exchange rates, agricultural subsidies, agricultural loans, agricultural labor force, cultivated land, and the rate of agricultural trade openness), on agricultural output in Iraq. Data were collected from various secondary sources for the period 1990- 2025. The extended Dickey-Fuller time series stationary test was performed to estimate the model parameters using a specific model. ARDL This was done to determine the impact of the aforementioned economic variables on agricultural output. The study revealed that net terms of trade have an inverse relationship with agricultural output, while agricultural labor productivity, agricultural subsidies, agricultural loans, and the agricultural workforce all had a direct relationship with agricultural output. The variables of cultivated land and agricultural trade openness were excluded due to their negative impact on the estimated model. The research recommended...usually Restructuring agricultural credit policy and shifting from cash loans to in-kind financing directed towards modern technologies (such as smart irrigation systems and agriculture the Smart Agriculture and Preservation To ensure that loans are not diverted for personal consumption and Adopting policies Smart protection (Smart Protectionism) such as seasonal tariffs to protect local crops during harvest seasons.