Sleep Apnea

Sleep apnea is a common condition involving breathing during sleep, which nonetheless has consequences beyond the scope of either sleep or breathing. Repeated, reversible respiratory obstructions are related to abnormal ventilatory drives and decreased upper airway neuromuscular activation. They result in dysautonomia, sleep fragmentation, and increased cardiovascular risks. Obstructive sleep apnea classically presents with daytime sleepiness and snoring, and its effects on learning, cognition, and mood are pervasive. On a neuropathologic basis, corresponding damage to widespread brain structures is noted. Obstructive sleep apnea is considered treatable, but it is unclear whether its cognitive effects are fully reversible with treatment.