Verbal vocabulary of Turkic languages of the Sayano-Altai: common and specific

The subject of the research is the verbs of different lexical-semantic groups in the Altai, Khakas, and Tuvan languages. Material from other Turkic languages is also included. The study examines correspondences that connect these heterogeneous languages of the Sayan-Altai region and that are not found in other Turkic languages. The authors focus on parameters such as: 1) the presence of root-related lexemes with similar meanings; 2) commonalities/differences in their semantics; 3) commonalities/differences in the word-formation structure of the verbs. Based on these parameters, the following types of correspondences are identified for analysis: 1) equivalents (“full” correspondences); 2) correspondences with semantic differences; 3) correspondences with differences in word-formation structure. The origin of the words (Turkic or Mongolic) is also taken into account. This approach allows for the determination of the closeness of the Turkic languages of Siberia to each other, considering the convergent processes in this territory. The study of lexical units utilized methods such as descriptive, comparative, comparative-historical, and component analysis. The material was collected using the method of complete sampling. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that the comparative analysis of the verbs from different lexical-semantic groups is conducted according to several parameters. It has been established that the peculiarities of the common verb lexicon of the studied languages manifest not only in the presence of specific lexemes, some of which are recorded in ancient Turkic monuments, but also in the formation of secondary forms from common Turkic roots, and in the models used for verb formation and in the development of semantics. The correspondences derived from common Turkic roots mostly have differences in semantics or word-formation structure. An important part of the overall lexicon of these languages also includes Mongolic terms—completely borrowed lexemes and words derived from Mongolic roots. Such common verbs most often represent equivalents and correspondences that have semantic differences. In some cases, common verbs connect the Sayan-Altai languages with the Yakut and Kyrgyz languages.