WHO priority pathogens, ESKAPE bacteria, and antimicrobial resistance surveillance in household wastewater, Gombe, Nigeria

Background. World Health Organization (WHO) priority bacterial pathogens and ESKAPE ( Enterococcus faecium , Staphylococcus aureus , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Acinetobacter baumannii , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp.) organisms in household wastewater pose critical community transmission risks, yet surveillance data from Sub-Saharan Africa remain limited. This study provides the first comprehensive priority pathogen detection and antimicrobial resistance assessment in household wastewater from Gombe State, Nigeria, focusing on organisms of highest clinical concern. Methods. We conducted targeted surveillance for WHO priority pathogens in 320 household wastewater samples across seven districts in Gombe using multi-stage sampling. Some priority Gram-negative pathogens ( Escherichia coli , K. pneumoniae , P. aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp.) were specifically isolated and characterized. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing followed Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2024 guidelines across 12 antibiotics targeting critical resistance patterns. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase detection focused on priority pathogen isolates, with PCR confirmation of key resistance genes. Results. Priority pathogen detection revealed E. coli (131 isolates, 32.6%) as the dominant WHO priority pathogen, followed by K. pneumoniae (77 isolates, 19.2%) and P. aeruginosa (45 isolates, 11.2%). The ESKAPE pathogen P. aeruginosa showed 73.3% multidrug resistance (MDR), with carbapenemase gene detection [Verona integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase gene ( bla VIM), 60%; K. pneumoniae carbapenemase gene ( bla KPC), 20%]. The critical priority pathogen K. pneumoniae demonstrated a 79.2% MDR prevalence, with universal beta-lactamase CTX-M gene ( bla CTX-M) gene presence (100%) among ESBL producers. Priority pathogen E. coli exhibited an alarming 84.7% MDR rate, with widespread ESBL production (51.5%). Carbapenem resistance among priority pathogens reached 41.3%, indicating last-resort antibiotic failure in critical organisms. Conclusions. Household wastewater in Gombe harbours WHO priority pathogens and ESKAPE organisms with high antimicrobial resistance prevalence. These preliminary findings suggest substantial environmental circulation of resistant bacteria and highlight the need for enhanced surveillance, further investigation of community transmission risks and strengthened antimicrobial stewardship programmes.