COMPARISON OF GLYCEMIC AND METABOLIC PARAMETERS BETWEEN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS AND HEALTHY CONTROLS IN KASHMIR: A CASE-CONTROL STUDY

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is frequently associated with multiple metabolic derangements including insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hyperuricemia, which significantly elevate the risk of cardiovascular and renal complications. This study aimed to evaluate and compare glycemic, anthropometric, and metabolic parameters between T2DM patients and healthy controls in the Kashmiri population and to identify predictors of hyperuricemia among diabetic individuals. Methods: A total of 298 diagnosed T2DM patients and 310 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled. Anthropometric indices (BMI, waist circumference), fasting glucose, HbA1c, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, lipid profile, and serum uric acid were measured. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify predictors of hyperuricemia in T2DM. Results: T2DM patients had significantly higher BMI, waist circumference, fasting glucose, HbA1c, insulin levels, HOMA-IR, triglycerides, LDL-C, and serum uric acid, and lower HDL-C compared to controls (p < 0.001). Coexisting dyslipidemia and hyperuricemia were observed in 34.8% of T2DM patients. BMI ≥ 27 kg/m² (OR 1.84), HOMA-IR ≥ 5 (OR 2.03), and triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL (OR 1.77) were independent predictors of hyperuricemia. Poor glycemic control (HbA1c ≥ 7%) was significantly associated with increased prevalence of both dyslipidemia and hyperuricemia. Conclusion: T2DM patients in Kashmir exhibit significant insulin resistance and concurrent metabolic disturbances. Hyperuricemia is strongly associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. Integrated glycemic and metabolic management strategies are essential to mitigate long-term complications in this population.