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Administrative Law in Italy: an Historical Sketch

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As três primeiras partes deste artigo descrevem a evolução do direito administrativo italiano, da fundação do Estado unitário, na segunda metade do século XIX, até o presente momento. A quarta parte é dedicada à análise de algumas características gerais do direito administrativo atual, com foco especial em seus “critérios”, por exemplo, suas fronteiras e sua distinção de outras províncias do direito. No século XIX, o Estado unitário e o direito administrativo surgiram e se desenvolveram na Itália. As características de ambos foram fortemente influenciadas pelo processo de unificação e por acontecimentos políticos. Na primeira metade do século XX, o direito administrativo passou por grandes desenvolvimentos, envolvendo uma gama de tarefas administrativas, o tamanho das administrações, sua organização e suas relações com os cidadãos. O direito administrativo ainda foi afetado por acontecimentos políticos e exibiu sua faceta autoritária. Na segunda metade do século, muitas tendências que tinham começado no período anterior continuaram e alguns dos problemas que surgiram na primeira metade do século cresceram de forma mais grave. O contexto institucional, no entanto, foi muito diferente. Os princípios da Constituição democrática mudaram gradualmente a forma do direito administrativo, que veio para mostrar sua faceta liberal. No início do século XXI, os problemas de delimitação do direito administrativo puderam ser atribuídos a três perfis principais: a distinção de direito privado; o da correspondência entre direito administrativo e da justiça administrativa e, portanto, da repartição da competência; e o de colocação dentro da esfera do direito público. The first three parts of the essay describe the evolution of Italian administrative law, from the foundation of the unitary state, in the second half of the 19th century, to the present time. The fourth part is devoted to the analysis of some general features of administrative law today, especially focusing on its “criterion,” i.e. its borders and its distinction from other provinces of law. In the 19th century both the unitary State and the administrative law were born and developed in Italy. The features of the latter were strongly influenced by the unification process and by political events. In the first half of the 20th century administrative law underwent major developments involving the range of administrative tasks, the size of administrations, their organization and their relations with citizens. Administrative law was still affected by political developments and displayed its authoritarian facet. In the second half of the century, many trends which had begun in the former period continued and some of the problems which had arisen in the first half of the century grew more serious. The institutional context, however, was very different. The principles of the democratic Constitution gradually changed the shape of administrative law, which came to display its liberal facet. At the beginning of the 21st century, the problems of delimiting administrative law may be traced to three main profiles: that of the distinction from private law; that of the correspondence between administrative law and administrative justice and, therefore, of the apportioning of jurisdiction; that of placement within the sphere of public law.
Title: Administrative Law in Italy: an Historical Sketch
Description:
As três primeiras partes deste artigo descrevem a evolução do direito administrativo italiano, da fundação do Estado unitário, na segunda metade do século XIX, até o presente momento.
A quarta parte é dedicada à análise de algumas características gerais do direito administrativo atual, com foco especial em seus “critérios”, por exemplo, suas fronteiras e sua distinção de outras províncias do direito.
No século XIX, o Estado unitário e o direito administrativo surgiram e se desenvolveram na Itália.
As características de ambos foram fortemente influenciadas pelo processo de unificação e por acontecimentos políticos.
Na primeira metade do século XX, o direito administrativo passou por grandes desenvolvimentos, envolvendo uma gama de tarefas administrativas, o tamanho das administrações, sua organização e suas relações com os cidadãos.
O direito administrativo ainda foi afetado por acontecimentos políticos e exibiu sua faceta autoritária.
Na segunda metade do século, muitas tendências que tinham começado no período anterior continuaram e alguns dos problemas que surgiram na primeira metade do século cresceram de forma mais grave.
O contexto institucional, no entanto, foi muito diferente.
Os princípios da Constituição democrática mudaram gradualmente a forma do direito administrativo, que veio para mostrar sua faceta liberal.
No início do século XXI, os problemas de delimitação do direito administrativo puderam ser atribuídos a três perfis principais: a distinção de direito privado; o da correspondência entre direito administrativo e da justiça administrativa e, portanto, da repartição da competência; e o de colocação dentro da esfera do direito público.
 The first three parts of the essay describe the evolution of Italian administrative law, from the foundation of the unitary state, in the second half of the 19th century, to the present time.
The fourth part is devoted to the analysis of some general features of administrative law today, especially focusing on its “criterion,” i.
e.
its borders and its distinction from other provinces of law.
In the 19th century both the unitary State and the administrative law were born and developed in Italy.
The features of the latter were strongly influenced by the unification process and by political events.
In the first half of the 20th century administrative law underwent major developments involving the range of administrative tasks, the size of administrations, their organization and their relations with citizens.
Administrative law was still affected by political developments and displayed its authoritarian facet.
In the second half of the century, many trends which had begun in the former period continued and some of the problems which had arisen in the first half of the century grew more serious.
The institutional context, however, was very different.
The principles of the democratic Constitution gradually changed the shape of administrative law, which came to display its liberal facet.
At the beginning of the 21st century, the problems of delimiting administrative law may be traced to three main profiles: that of the distinction from private law; that of the correspondence between administrative law and administrative justice and, therefore, of the apportioning of jurisdiction; that of placement within the sphere of public law.

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