Laminitis as a cause of metabolic disorders in domestic animals (review paper)

The article presents a comprehensive analysis of modern scientific data on laminitis in domestic animals, taking into account the specific features of the course of the pathological process in horses, cattle, sheep and goats. The approaches to understanding laminitis as a systemic multifactorial syndrome, which is formed as a result of the interaction of metabolic, endocrine, infectious-toxic and mechanical factors, are summarized. It is shown that the development of the disease is accompanied by deep microcirculation disorders in the lamellar apparatus of the hoof, degradation of the dermal-epidermal junction, activation of inflammatory and ultimately leads to structural destruction of the hoof apparatus and a decrease in animal productivity.Particular attention is paid to the analysis of pathogenetic mechanisms taking into account the type of digestion. It has been established that in horses, as monogastric animals, endocrine and metabolic disorders play a leading role, in particular hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance and imbalance of carbohydrate metabolism, which causes the development of endocrinopathic laminitis. In cattle, the key triggering mechanism is subclinical rumen acidosis, which is accompanied by changes in the rumen microbiota, increased blood endotoxin levels and the development of a systemic inflammatory response. In sheep and goats, laminitis is formed as a result of a combination of metabolic, infectious and mechanical factors and determines the variability of clinical and morphological manifestations of the disease.Biochemical changes characteristic of different stages of laminitis (subclinical, acute and chronic) is systematized, including increased concentrations of insulin, glucose, triglycerides, activation of tissue damage enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase), pro-inflammatory cytokines, C-reactive protein. It is shown that these indicators can be used for early diagnosis, differentiation of stages of the disease and prediction of its course. Modern approaches to the diagnosis of laminitis are also summarized, based on a combination of clinical examination, laboratory studies and instrumental methods, in particular radiography, ultrasound diagnostics, computed tomography and motor activity monitoring systems. Morphological, histological and pathoanatomical changes are characterized, which reflect the progression of the pathological process from initial microscopic lesions to pronounced hoof deformation, tissue necrosis and fibrosis.At the same time, modern approaches to the prevention of laminitis are separately considered, which include optimization of feeding, control of metabolic status, prevention of subclinical acidosis, improvement of housing conditions and implementation of early monitoring technologies. It is emphasized that effective management of laminitis risks is possible only under the conditions of an integrated approach that takes into account the species characteristics of animals, the level of their working capacity for horses and productivity for cattle, and technological conditions of maintenance.The results of the generalization can be used to improve the system of early diagnosis, prevention and control of laminitis and will contribute to increasing productivity and improving the welfare of domestic animals.