Formulation and Characterization of Misoprostol Floating Mucoadhesive Microspheres for Long-Term Ulcer Management

Peptic ulcer disease remains a significant gastrointestinal disorder requiring prolonged pharmacotherapy to ensure mucosal healing and prevent recurrence. The present study aimed to develop and characterize floating mucoadhesive microspheres of misoprostol for sustained gastric retention and controlled drug release in long-term ulcer management. Misoprostol, a prostaglandin E1 analogue with potent cytoprotective activity, exhibits a short half-life and requires frequent dosing, which may reduce patient compliance. To overcome these limitations, floating mucoadhesive microspheres were prepared using an emulsion–solvent evaporation technique with polymers such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), carbopol, and ethyl cellulose. The formulated microspheres were evaluated for particle size, surface morphology, percentage yield, drug entrapment efficiency, buoyancy, swelling behavior, mucoadhesive strength, and in vitro drug release profile. Microscopic examination revealed spherical particles with a smooth surface. The optimized formulation demonstrated satisfactory buoyancy for more than 12 hours and strong mucoadhesive properties, ensuring prolonged gastric residence. Entrapment efficiency ranged between 68–85%, indicating effective drug incorporation. In vitro release studies showed sustained drug release up to 12–24 hours following non-Fickian diffusion kinetics. The results suggest that floating mucoadhesive microspheres of misoprostol could enhance gastric retention time, reduce dosing frequency, and improve therapeutic efficacy in chronic ulcer management. This delivery system presents a promising approach for site-specific and sustained drug delivery in gastric disorders.