Gyral crowns contribute to the cortical infrastructure of human face processing

Abstract Neuroanatomical features across spatial scales contribute to functional specialization and individual differences in behavior across species. Among species with gyrencephalic brains, gyral crown height, which measures a key aspect of the morphology of cortical folding, may represent an anatomical characteristic that importantly shapes neural function. Nevertheless, little is known about the relationship between functional selectivity and gyral crowns—especially in clinical populations. Here, we investigated this relationship and found that the size and gyral crown height of the middle, but not posterior, face-selective region on the fusiform gyrus (FG) was smaller in individuals with developmental prosopagnosia (DPs; N = 22, 68% female, aged 25-62) compared to neurotypical controls (NTs; N = 25, 60% females, aged 21-55), and this difference was related to face perception. Additional analyses replicated the relationship between gyral crowns and face selectivity in 1,053 NTs (55% females, aged 22-36). These results inform theoretical models of face processing while also providing a novel neuroanatomical feature contributing to the cortical infrastructure supporting face processing. Significance Statement Understanding how brain structure supports specialized brain functions is a central goal of neuroscience. Here, we identified a role of gyral crown height—an understudied cortical feature—in shaping the cortical infrastructure underlying face processing. By examining face-selective regions of the fusiform gyrus in both neurotypical individuals and those with developmental prosopagnosia, we demonstrate that reduced gyral crown height is associated with diminished face-selective region surface area and impaired face recognition ability. Furthermore, this structural-functional relationship extends to a large neurotypical sample of over 1,000 individuals, highlighting a generalizable link between cortical anatomy and functional specialization. These findings introduce a new neuroanatomical factor to theoretical models of face perception, which could extend to additional neurodevelopmental disorders and other cognitive tasks.