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Phytochemical Profiling and Antibacterial Activity of Rumex abyssinicus Jacq. Roots and Verbascum sinaiticum Benth. Leaf Extracts
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Objective
This study evaluated the phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of extracts of
Rumex abyssinicus
roots and
Verbascum sinaiticum
leaves, two medicinal plants traditionally used in Ethiopia.
Methods
Extracts were prepared by cold maceration, and preliminary toxicity was assessed in
Galleria mellonella
larvae. Antibacterial activity was determined by the disc diffusion method against
Staphylococcus aureus
(ATCC 25923),
Salmonella typhi
(ATCC 19430),
Escherichia coli
(ATCC 25922), and
Shigella sonnei
(ATCC 25931). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were established by broth microdilution. Qualitative phytochemical screening was conducted, and principal bioactive constituents were characterized by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
Results
The extracts demonstrated dose-dependent toxicity in
G. mellonella
, with up to 40% mortality at 100 mg/mL. Ethanol extracts of
R. abyssinicus
exhibited the strongest antibacterial effects, notably against
S. aureus
(21.3 ± 1.21 mm at 200 mg/mL), whereas chloroform extracts of
V. sinaiticum
showed modest inhibition at higher concentrations. The MIC ranged from 16-32 mg/mL for the ethanol extracts and 32-64 mg/mL for the chloroform extracts of both plant materials. Phytochemical analysis identified anthraquinones, saponins, and tannins in
R. abyssinicus
, and flavonoids and phenols in
V. sinaiticum
. NMR profiling revealed nine major compounds, including chrysophanol, emodin, physcion, helminthosporin, and chrysophanol-bianthrone from
R. abyssinicus
, and luteolin, chrysoeriol-7-O-glucoside, aucubin, and ajugol from
V. sinaiticum
.
Conclusion
These results provide a chemical basis for the observed antibacterial activity and support further investigation of these extracts and isolated metabolites as potential leads for antibacterial drug development.
Title: Phytochemical Profiling and Antibacterial Activity of
Rumex abyssinicus
Jacq. Roots and
Verbascum sinaiticum
Benth. Leaf Extracts
Description:
Objective
This study evaluated the phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of extracts of
Rumex abyssinicus
roots and
Verbascum sinaiticum
leaves, two medicinal plants traditionally used in Ethiopia.
Methods
Extracts were prepared by cold maceration, and preliminary toxicity was assessed in
Galleria mellonella
larvae.
Antibacterial activity was determined by the disc diffusion method against
Staphylococcus aureus
(ATCC 25923),
Salmonella typhi
(ATCC 19430),
Escherichia coli
(ATCC 25922), and
Shigella sonnei
(ATCC 25931).
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were established by broth microdilution.
Qualitative phytochemical screening was conducted, and principal bioactive constituents were characterized by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
Results
The extracts demonstrated dose-dependent toxicity in
G.
mellonella
, with up to 40% mortality at 100 mg/mL.
Ethanol extracts of
R.
abyssinicus
exhibited the strongest antibacterial effects, notably against
S.
aureus
(21.
3 ± 1.
21 mm at 200 mg/mL), whereas chloroform extracts of
V.
sinaiticum
showed modest inhibition at higher concentrations.
The MIC ranged from 16-32 mg/mL for the ethanol extracts and 32-64 mg/mL for the chloroform extracts of both plant materials.
Phytochemical analysis identified anthraquinones, saponins, and tannins in
R.
abyssinicus
, and flavonoids and phenols in
V.
sinaiticum
.
NMR profiling revealed nine major compounds, including chrysophanol, emodin, physcion, helminthosporin, and chrysophanol-bianthrone from
R.
abyssinicus
, and luteolin, chrysoeriol-7-O-glucoside, aucubin, and ajugol from
V.
sinaiticum
.
Conclusion
These results provide a chemical basis for the observed antibacterial activity and support further investigation of these extracts and isolated metabolites as potential leads for antibacterial drug development.
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