Unlocking Proficiency: Experts’ Views on the Use of Generative AI

The rapid proliferation and adoption of generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) underscore its ease of use. However, there has been limited research exploring what constitutes proficient use of GenAI and what competencies underpin it. In this study, we used semi-structured interviews to explore how twenty-five expert GenAI users (all knowledge workers) define, exemplify and explain GenAI proficiency. A purposive sampling approach was adopted with the aim of capturing input from experts from a range of occupations and sectors towards answering three questions. First, can we identify the characteristics that differentiate proficient (more effective) use of GenAI? Second, what competencies are seen to underlie proficient use of GenAI? Third, what benefits are associated with more proficient use of GenAI tools? Analysis of the descriptions shared by the experts revealed four aspects of GenAI proficiency: effective prompting, informed and responsible choices, diversity and complexity of use, and frequency of use. In addition, the following themes emerged from analysis of the competencies supporting more proficient use of GenAI: GenAI literacy, domain expertise, communication skills, metacognition skills, curiosity and inquisitiveness, flexibility and adaptability, diligence and (in some contexts) information technology skills. More proficient use of GenAI was seen to have benefits ranging from improved productivity, higher quality output and more original work. By offering a comprehensive framework for effective use of GenAI, grounded in real world experience, this study guides further research and substantiates the continuing relevance of human skills, knowledge and mindsets when working with GenAI tools.