The Traces and Distinctive Signs

Abstract This chapter examines in detail the eight ‘traces and distinctive signs’ with which On the Malice of Herodotus opens. For each one, it tries to provide the larger background in the historiographical and rhetorical traditions before Plutarch. Similarities with earlier writers, especially historians, are highlighted. The conclusion emphasizes that the fact that Plutarch designates these as traces and signs is important and must be carefully considered, since they are not in themselves proofs, but only point the way towards a considered judgement. Although they indicate a malicious disposition, formal arguments and proofs, as provided by Herodotus’ own text, will be needed to convict him of having written his history with malice.