Andromonoecy functional through heterostyly and large carpenter bees as principal pollinators in Solanum carolinense L. (Solanaceae)

Solanum carolinense is a perennial shrubby weed. In this species, andromonoecy is functional through heterostyly represented by the production of long, semi-long, medium, & short-styled flower types and another flower type lacking style & stigma completely. All plants produce long-styled flowers while all individuals do not produce other flower types. The long- and semi-long-styled flowers are functionally co-sexual and produce fruit while the other flower types are functionally female-sterile and do not produce fruit. The position of style in long- and semi-long-styled flowers facilitates the act of pollination by pollinator bees. Xylocopa bees are large-bodied specialist bees which collect pollen from poricidal anthers efficiently in this plant by displaying buzzing behaviour and are treated as principal pollinators. The other bees are small-bodied and do not display buzzing behaviour to release pollen from poricidal anthers but they simply collect residual pollen available around the rim of the apical pore of the anthers, and hence they act as supplementary pollinators only. In this plant, the style length has a positive relationship with pollen deposition and a negative relationship with pollen removal in flowers visited by large carpenter bees of Xylocopa genus and hence, pollinator-specific interactions with flower morphology are important in the maintenance and perfect evolution of andromonoecy in this plant species. Florivory by Mylabris pustulata could vary with the flower production rate in S. carolinense and could favor higher floral-sex ratios biased in favour of higher proportion of female-sterile flowers.