Texture of Polar Firn for Remote Sensing

Knowledge of the texture of polar firn is necessary for interpretation of remotely sensed data. We find that dry polar firn is an irregularly stratified, anisotropic medium. Grains in firn may be approximated as prolate spheroids with average axial ratios as high as 1.2 or greater and with a preferred orientation of long axes clustered around the vertical. Such elongate grains are preferentially bonded near their ends into vertical columns, so that grain bonds show a preferred horizontal orientation. The grain-size distribution is similar in most firn and the normalized distribution is stationary in time, but the distribution is somewhat different in depth hoar. Fluctuations of firn properties are large near any depth, but decrease with increasing depth. With increasing depth, anisotropy of surfaces decreases, bond size relative to grain size decreases slightly, and number of bonds per grain and fraction of total grain surface in bonds increase. Grain size increases linearly with age below 2 to 5 m, but increases more rapidly in shallower firn.