Towards an Information Verification Ecosystem: Integrating RTI, Digital Governance, and Disinformation Mitigation in District Swat

Disinformation refers to the intentional dissemination of false or misleading information, often used as a form of propaganda. Unlike misinformation, which may spread without intent to deceive, disinformation is deliberately crafted to damage the reputation of individuals, groups, organizations, or states. In recent years, it has increasingly been employed as a strategic tool to undermine the credibility of states, particularly in the context of information warfare. This study examines the role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) channels and the algorithmic amplification in spreading the information along with the prevalence of disinformation and the awareness of the Right to Information (RTI) Act among citizens in District Swat. A three-tier intervention approach was adopted by Community Awareness Raising and Advocacy Venture Around Needs (CARAVAN) organization, consisting of consultations and training sessions with Public Information Officers (PIOs) from various government institutions, engagement sessions with journalists, and webinars conducted for students. The study also assessed citizens’ awareness and use of verification mechanisms in addressing disinformation. Survey findings reveal substantial gaps: approximately 80% of information circulating on social media in the district is perceived as disinformation, while only 40% of citizens and journalists consistently rely on formal verification channels. The situation is further compounded by institutional barriers, as 73% of journalists lack direct access to PIOs. However, all participating PIOs expressed readiness to adopt digital tools to enhance information access and transparency. These findings highlight the need for strengthened institutional communication mechanisms and increased public awareness to effectively counter disinformation.