АКТУАЛЬНІ НАПРЯМИ ДОСЛІДЖЕНЬ КЛІТИННИХ МЕХАНІЗМІВ РЕПАРАТИВНОЇ РЕГЕНЕРАЦІЇ

Tissues of the body can be damaged by a wide range of environmental factors, including injuries of various origins, infectious diseases, radiation exposure, and dystrophic, destructive, and atrophic changes. The high frequency of tissue structure disruption has led to a significant increase in research activity concerning the mechanisms and processes of reparative regeneration. This research aims to develop modern, practical approaches to optimising healing. The present article offers an analysis of extant scholarly sources concerning contemporary aspects of the study of cellular mechanisms of reparative regeneration and possible methods of stimulating healing processes. A systematic review of contemporary scientific literature from scientometric databases and scientific search engines, including PubMed, Medscape, and Google Scholar, was conducted. The primary theoretical and experimental studies of cellular mechanisms of reparative regeneration focus on the roles of fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, keratinocytes, and other cells. The functions of macrophages in pathogen clearance, removal of dead cells, and release of factors regulating the activity of fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes have been established, although further investigation is required to elucidate the specific features of different macrophage phenotypes. Fibroblasts have been shown to play an exceptional role in reparative regeneration, with evidence indicating their ability to activate cells of innate immunity. Collectively with myofibroblasts, they constitute the central link in tissue remodelling within the wound area, thus contributing to wound closure. Further research is required into the mechanisms of differentiation and functioning of myofibroblasts, as well as the regulation of their apoptosis. This is of crucial importance, since excessive activation of these cells contributes to the development of fibrotic pathologies in various organs. Furthermore, the role of neutrophils in reparative regeneration is significant due to their key involvement in inflammation. Research has demonstrated that neutrophils possess the capacity for sophisticated intercellular interactions, and their activation has been shown to significantly extend their lifespan and functional role in the healing process. A more in-depth examination of the cellular mechanisms underpinning regeneration is intrinsically linked to the substantiation of stem cell-based therapeutic interventions. A mounting body of research is exploring the potential of utilising both stem cells and their associated exosome products. The present state of research in the domain of cellular mechanisms of reparative regeneration is indicative of two prevailing trends. Firstly, there is a strong connection to the ongoing need for objective monitoring of tissue recovery. Secondly, there is a need to develop effective methods to stimulate reparative processes. A detailed investigation of the regenerative potential of stem cells, fibroblasts, inflammatory cells, macrophages, and endothelial cells, along with the molecular mechanisms of intercellular interactions in tissue repair, remains highly promising.