Recent Advances in the Biological Profiles of Fluorine-Containing Pyridine and its Derivatives: A Brief Overview

Abstract: Fluorine-containing pyridine derivatives have emerged as pivotal structures in modern drug discovery due to their unique physicochemical properties and diverse pharmacological activities. The incorporation of fluorine into pyridine-based scaffolds enhances drug potency, selectivity, metabolic stability, and Pharmacokinetics (PK) of these compounds, making them highly attractive for therapeutic development. These derivatives have been integrated into numerous Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs, underscoring their importance in medicinal chemistry. This review systematically compiles recent advances in the pharmacological applications of fluorine-containing pyridine derivatives, focusing on their anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-Alzheimer's activities. By exploring the Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) and mechanisms of action, this review provides valuable insights for the design and development of novel biologically active compounds. This comprehensive analysis aims to inspire new directions in drug discovery and highlight the therapeutic potential of fluorine- containing pyridine derivatives.