Mapping the Spectrum of Congenital Anomalies in Balochistan: A Call for Strengthening Preventive Health Strategies

Background: This study aimed to map the spectrum of congenital anomalies in Balochistan, Pakistan, and identify the key risk factors contributing to their prevalence. Balochistan, a region with distinct socio-economic and healthcare challenges, has limited data on congenital anomalies, making this research crucial for informing public health strategies. Objective: The study utilized a cross-sectional design, collecting data from 500 children born with congenital anomalies between 2020 and 2023 across different districts of Balochistan. A comprehensive survey was conducted to assess the types of anomalies, demographic details, maternal health, and socio-economic factors. Methods: The findings revealed a high prevalence of congenital anomalies in the region, with neural tube defects (29.2%), cleft lip and palate (20.8%), and genetic syndromes like thalassemia (22.5%) being the most common. Key risk factors identified include consanguinity (58.3% of affected children), inadequate maternal nutrition, especially folic acid deficiency, and limited access to prenatal care, particularly in rural areas. Socio-economic status also played a significant role, with children from lower-income families showing a higher incidence of congenital defects. Results: The study underscores the urgent need for strengthened preventive health strategies, including improved maternal nutrition, awareness campaigns on consanguinity, and enhanced access to prenatal care. It calls for targeted public health interventions to address the unique challenges faced by the region, especially in rural and underserved areas. Conclusion: The findings highlight the importance of improving healthcare infrastructure and maternal health programs to reduce the prevalence of congenital anomalies and improve health outcomes for children in Balochistan. This research provides valuable insights into the spectrum of congenital anomalies in Balochistan, offering a foundation for future studies and policy development aimed at improving maternal and child health in the region.