Tư Duy Nô Lệ và Tư Duy Tự Do theo Quan Điểm của Nicolai Alexandrovich Berdyaev

This article examines two contrasting modes of thought in the philosophy of Nicolai Alexandrovich Berdyaev: slave mentality and free thought. According to Berdyaev, human beings in the natural world are easily objectified and become dependent on external values such as society, religion, power, the crowd, and even the egoistic self. This condition causes individuals to lose their subjectivity, creativity, and inner freedom. By contrast, free thought belongs to the spiritual world, where human beings return to the depth of the inner self, overcome external impositions, and exist as unique personal beings. The article also discusses the influences of Kant, Schopenhauer, and Boehme, while comparing Berdyaev with Hegel to clarify the metaphysical foundation of freedom. It argues that liberation from slave mentality is a continuous journey toward the realization of freedom, personal dignity, and authentic human existence.