The Socio-Economic Structure of Bazaars in The Bukhara Emirate: Institutional Mechanisms and Integration into The Eurasian Economy

This study explores the market system of the Bukhara Emirate from the late 18th to early 20th centuries within the context of transregional economic relations and Eurasian history. Positioned at the crossroads connecting East and West, Bukhara functioned as a vital transit hub and redistribution center for goods between India, China, Iran, Russia, and Central Asia. The research employs a multidisciplinary approach, combining historical-economic analysis, social anthropology, and source criticism. It examines market infrastructure, trade specialization, pricing mechanisms, social stratification of traders, and institutional regulations. Particular attention is given to the interplay between domestic trade and international product circulation, as well as the role of intermediaries and administrative controls. This study fills historiographical gaps and contributes to understanding how traditional markets integrated into the global economy.