The Kinematics Theory of Balls and Light

The kinematics theory of balls studies the emission, propagation, and reflection of balls in accordance with Newtonian laws. The emission of balls is based on the physics phenomenon that the balls inherit the velocity of the source, in addition to the emitted velocity relative to the source. The ballistic law governs the propagation velocity of balls from the moment of emission and thereafter. It states that, in the absolute frame, the propagation velocity of balls is the vector sum of the velocity of the balls emitted by the source and the velocity of the source. At the limit, when the mass of the balls converges to zero, the ballistic law applies to the hypothetical massless ball. Unlike the balls with mass, the massless balls consume no energy as their source moves from rest to a constant velocity and have no momentum after emission; there are no action-reaction forces at emission and reflection. The reflection of balls by a wall is given for any incidence angle of the balls’ velocity relative to the velocity of the wall and for any inclination of the wall, not just the case of two balls’ reflection in an elastic frontal collision. A natural extension of this study is to include massless entities such as light. The kinematics of light explains and proves in each inertial frame where a source of light and a mirror are at rest, why the speed of light is the universal constant c of electromagnetic nature given by Maxwell’s equations, why each law of physics has the same form, and why no experiment in such a frame can prove its motion. It also explains experiments and observations that have been misunderstood for more than a century because, at that time and afterward, there was insufficient knowledge of light behavior to explain them correctly. Reprinted from Physics Essays Vol. 39 pp. 157 Year 2026, with permission of Physics Essays Publication (https://physicsessays.org/).