Recent advances in bismuth-based heterojunction photocatalysts

Layered bismuth-based (LBB) nanoparticles, characterized by a unique crystal structure, offer precise control over flaws, band topologies, and morphology, enhancing solar conversion efficiency. Bi’s 6s and O’s 2p orbitals’ hybridization results in a reduced band gap, facilitating improved photo absorption and efficient charge movement. These photocatalysts have proven effective in critical applications, including pollution remediation, CO 2 reduction, N 2 fixation, H 2 production, and O 2 evolution, positioning them as promising solutions to tackle global environmental challenges. Despite their successes, further research is essential to enhance the photoactivity of LBB photocatalysts to meet stringent industrial criteria for widespread commercialization. Realizing the full commercial application potential necessitates ongoing strides in synthesising, characterising, and modifying bismuth-based photocatalysts. A comprehensive thoughtful of the intricate interplay amid crystal structure and performance is crucial for optimizing their capabilities. As the world shifts its focus toward sustainable and clean energy solutions, bismuth-based photocatalysts emerge as potential major contributors to solving environmental issues and meeting energy needs on a commercial scale. This review highlights the current advancements, trials, and prospects of bismuth-based photocatalysts, emphasizing their pivotal role in fostering a sustainable, cleaner energy future.