A Comprehensive Overview of Heritage BIM Frameworks: Platforms and Technologies Integrating Multi-Scale Analyses, Data Repositories, and Sensor Systems

The concept of HBIM (Historic/Heritage Building Information Modeling) has attracted growing interest within research communities in recent years, as reflected in an expanding body of literature exploring its potential in data acquisition and modeling, historical evolution documentation, heritage management, and condition analysis. Yet, new challenges arise in extended HBIM capabilities by integration and interoperability with other technologies and environments for comprehensive heritage assessment. In this context, this paper presents a scoping review, based on the PRISMA protocol, of 60 publications from the Scopus database that document research frameworks and applications of IDPs (integrated digital platforms), where HBIM is combined with different systems to enhance data richness, functionality, and analytical evaluation, as well as to exchange, interpret, and use information effectively. The results show three major thematic areas, namely multi-scale analyses based on HBIM and GIS (geographic information systems); multi-source data repositories development; and sensor networks integration with advanced IoT (Internet of Things) systems. The overview outlines how these frameworks foster the development of interoperable, multi-layered, and data-driven ecosystems, advancing HBIM to an operational component in heritage management and enabling predictive diagnostics and real-time monitoring, while current limitations in semantic consistency, automation, and scalability still hinder full implementation.