Risālah fī al-khaṭṭ wa-barī al-qalam li-Ibn al-Ṣāʾigh

For over a century, Euro-American scholars and esotericists alike have heralded the thirteenth-century Spanish mystic Ibn ‘Arabi (d. 1240) as the premodern Sufi theorist of inclusi...

The Book of Divine Unity (known also as Tawhid al-Saduq or Tawhid Ibn Babawayh) is a work dating from the Abbasid era, written by one of the most important figures of early Shi'i s...

This chapter discusses two books of refutation written by two Muslim theologians, the Ashʿarite al-Ghazālī (d. 505/1111) and the Muʿtazilite Ibn al-Malāḥimī (d. 536/1141). Both boo...