Immunomodulatory effects of photobiomodulation: a comprehensive review

Abstract Photobiomodulation, also known as low-level light therapy (LLLT), has emerged as a promising non-invasive treatment modality with significant immunomodulatory effects. This comprehensive review examines the mechanisms underlying photobiomodulation-induced immunomodulation, its effects on specific immune cells, and its clinical applications in immune-related conditions. We explore the cellular and molecular pathways affected by photobiomodulation, including mitochondrial function, reactive oxygen species production, and key signaling cascades. The impact of photobiomodulation on macrophages, T cells, and dendritic cells is discussed, along with its potential in managing autoimmune diseases, inflammatory conditions, and wound healing. Safety considerations, optimal treatment parameters, and future directions in the field are also addressed. This review highlights the growing body of evidence supporting photobiomodulation as a valuable tool in immunomodulation and its potential to revolutionize the treatment of various immune-mediated disorders.