Túpac Amaru (ca. 1540–1572)

Túpac Amaru was the last indigenous leader of the Inca state in Peru. He was born in Cuzco in about 1540 and died there in 1572. He was the second son of Manco Inca Yupanqui, who had been recognized by Spanish explorer Francisco Pizarro as emperor. After his father's death, the eldest son, Sayri Túpac, submitted to Spanish rule. He was baptized and rewarded by a tract of land and by the command over the Indians at Urubamba. However, Túpac Amaru renounced his family claims and retired to the mountains of Vilcabamba. Between 1534 and 1572, an anti‐colonial resistance group emerged, consisting of the so‐called Incas of Vilcabamba. Their four rulers, who did not actually have real political power, were Manco Inca Yupanqui (Manco Cápac II), Sayri Túpac Inca, Titu Cusi Yupanqui, and Túpac Amaru I.