Mechanical and Physical Properties Characterization of the Pelletization Pressure and Binder Percentages Effects on the Muntingia calabura Solid Biofuel Pellets

Renewable energy sources, like biomass, provide a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels, and biomass derived from organic waste, such as the Muntingia calabura tree, holds significant potential as a renewable energy option. This study investigated how pelletization pressure and binder amounts influence the quality of biofuel pellets made from Muntingia calabura. The research tested varying pressures and binder levels to evaluate key properties such as density, axial compressive strength, diametral compressive strength, pellets durability, and impact resistance. Physically, the findings revealed that higher pressures significantly enhanced pellet density and strength while reducing moisture. Mechanically, compressive strength improved with greater pressure, and pellets without binders performed especially well at higher pressures due to natural compaction. Impact resistance, which measures durability, was highest in pellets with a 4% binder, showing they could withstand handling and transportation more effectively. The best overall results were achieved with 2% binder and a pressure of 31.4 MPa, balancing durability and energy efficiency. These findings demonstrate the strong potential of Muntingia calabura as a renewable energy source, offering a sustainable biofuel solution when combined with optimized pelletization processes. This approach not only enhances the usability of agricultural waste but also contributes to addressing environmental challenges by providing cleaner and more sustainable energy alternatives.