The almost semimonotone matrices

Abstract A (strictly) semimonotone matrix A ∈ ℝ n × n is such that for every nonzero vector x ∈ ℝ n with nonnegative entries, there is an index k such that x k > 0 and ( Ax ) k is nonnegative (positive). A matrix which is (strictly) semimonotone has the property that every principal submatrix is also (strictly) semimonotone. Thus, it becomes natural to examine the almost (strictly) semimonotone matrices which are those matrices which are not (strictly) semimonotone but whose proper principal submatrices are (strictly) semimonotone. We characterize the 2 × 2 and 3 × 3 almost (strictly) semimonotone matrices and describe many of their properties. Then we explore general almost (strictly) semimonotone matrices, including the problem of detection and construction. Finally, we relate (strict) central matrices to semimonotone matrices.