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Essential Oils as Multifunctional Biopesticides for Sustainable Crop Protection
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In response to the growing environmental and health concerns associated with synthetic pesticides, this research explores the potential of essential oils (EOs) from medicinal and aromatic plants as sustainable biopesticides. Their complex chemical nature suggests a multifunctional role in crop protection, moving beyond biocidal action to encompass interactions with the plants own defense systems. This thesis aimed to (1) conduct a comprehensive in vitro screening of various EOs for antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria alternata and Penicilium digitatum and correlate efficacy with their chemical composition; (2) investigate the defense priming effects of Satureja montana and Artemisia absinthium EOs in tomato plants against Meloidogyne javanica, and (3) evaluate the efficacy of different application methods, including fumigation, for postharvest disease control on tomatoes and lemon fruits. The in vitro study identified EOs rich in phenolic compounds (e.g., carvacrol in Satureja montana essential oil) and monoterpene ketones (e.g., piperitenone oxide in Mentha rotundifolia essential oil) as having the most potent, broad-spectrum antifungal activity. However, a critical trade-off between efficacy and phytotoxicity was observed. The research revealed a dual mode of action: beyond direct biocidal effects, EOs act as defense elicitors. In tomato plants, treatment with S. montana and A. absinthium primed the plant metabolome, evidenced by the significant upregulation of defense-related metabolic pathways, including the accumulation of steroidal glycoalkaloids (tomatine, tomatidine) in roots and phenylpropanoids in aerial parts. Furthermore, the application method was found to be a decisive factor for success; in postharvest trials, fumigation with S. montana EO provided superior control of B. cinerea on tomatoes compared to direct contact, highlighting the importance of volatile action. This study confirms that essential oils are multifunctional biopesticides with specific chemical profiles. They operate through a dual mechanism of direct effects and indirect plant defense priming. However, their practical application is critically dependent on optimizing the delivery method and managing the fine balance between biocidal efficacy and host phytotoxicity. Future success lies in developing advanced formulations to unlock their full potential in integrated pest management systems. RESUMEN Esta investigación explora el potencial de los aceites esenciales (AE) de plantas medicinales y aromáticas como biopesticidas sostenibles, motivada por la creciente preocupación ambiental y sanitaria asociada a los plaguicidas sintéticos. Su compleja naturaleza química sugiere un papel multifuncional en la protección de cultivos, que va más allá de la acción biocida para abarcar interacciones con los propios sistemas de defensa de la planta. Esta tesis tiene como objetivos (1) realizar un análisis exhaustivo in vitro de diversos AEs para determinar su actividad antifúngica contra las especies fitopatóg¡enas Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria alternata y Penicilium digitatum, y correlacionar su eficacia con su composición química; (2) investigar los efectos de los AEs de Satureja montana y Artemisia absinthium como inductoresd del sistema de defensa en plantas de tomate contra Meloidogyne javanica, y (3) evaluar la eficacia de diferentes métodos de aplicación, incluida la fumigación, para el control de enfermedades fúngicas post cosecha en frutos. El estudio in vitro identificó los aceites esenciales ricos en compuestos fenólicos (p. ej., carvacrol en el aceite esencial de Satureja montana) y cetonas monoterpénicas (p. ej., óxido de piperitenona en el aceite esencial de Mentha rotundifolia) como los que tienen la actividad antifúngica de amplio espectro más potente. Sin embargo, se observó un equilibrio crítico entre eficacia y fitotoxicidad. La investigación reveló un modo de acción dual: más allá de los efectos biocidas directos, los aceites esenciales actúan como elicitores de defensa. En plantas de tomate, el tratamiento con S. montana y A. absinthium alteró el metaboloma de la planta, evidenciado por la significativa regulación positiva de las vías metabólicas relacionadas con el sistema de defensa, incluyendo la acumulación de glicoalcaloides esteroideos (tomatina, tomatidina) en las raíces y fenilpropanoides en las partes aéreas. Además, se encontró que el método de aplicación era un factor decisivo para el éxito; en ensayos poscosecha, la fumigación con aceite esencial de S. montana proporcionó un control superior de B. cinerea en tomates en comparación con el contacto directo, lo que resalta la importancia de la acción fumigante. Este estudio confirma el potencial de los aceites esenciales como bioplaguicidas multifuncionales con perfiles químicos específicos. Actúan mediante un mecanismo dual de efectos directos y una estimulación indirecta de las defensas de las plantas. Sin embargo, su aplicación práctica depende fundamentalmente de la optimización del método de administración y del equilibrio entre la eficacia biocida y la fitotoxicidad del huésped. El éxito futuro reside en el desarrollo de formulaciones avanzadas para aprovechar al máximo su potencial en los sistemas integrados de gestión de plagas.
Title: Essential Oils as Multifunctional Biopesticides for Sustainable Crop Protection
Description:
In response to the growing environmental and health concerns associated with synthetic pesticides, this research explores the potential of essential oils (EOs) from medicinal and aromatic plants as sustainable biopesticides.
Their complex chemical nature suggests a multifunctional role in crop protection, moving beyond biocidal action to encompass interactions with the plants own defense systems.
This thesis aimed to (1) conduct a comprehensive in vitro screening of various EOs for antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria alternata and Penicilium digitatum and correlate efficacy with their chemical composition; (2) investigate the defense priming effects of Satureja montana and Artemisia absinthium EOs in tomato plants against Meloidogyne javanica, and (3) evaluate the efficacy of different application methods, including fumigation, for postharvest disease control on tomatoes and lemon fruits.
The in vitro study identified EOs rich in phenolic compounds (e.
g.
, carvacrol in Satureja montana essential oil) and monoterpene ketones (e.
g.
, piperitenone oxide in Mentha rotundifolia essential oil) as having the most potent, broad-spectrum antifungal activity.
However, a critical trade-off between efficacy and phytotoxicity was observed.
The research revealed a dual mode of action: beyond direct biocidal effects, EOs act as defense elicitors.
In tomato plants, treatment with S.
montana and A.
absinthium primed the plant metabolome, evidenced by the significant upregulation of defense-related metabolic pathways, including the accumulation of steroidal glycoalkaloids (tomatine, tomatidine) in roots and phenylpropanoids in aerial parts.
Furthermore, the application method was found to be a decisive factor for success; in postharvest trials, fumigation with S.
montana EO provided superior control of B.
cinerea on tomatoes compared to direct contact, highlighting the importance of volatile action.
This study confirms that essential oils are multifunctional biopesticides with specific chemical profiles.
They operate through a dual mechanism of direct effects and indirect plant defense priming.
However, their practical application is critically dependent on optimizing the delivery method and managing the fine balance between biocidal efficacy and host phytotoxicity.
Future success lies in developing advanced formulations to unlock their full potential in integrated pest management systems.
RESUMEN Esta investigación explora el potencial de los aceites esenciales (AE) de plantas medicinales y aromáticas como biopesticidas sostenibles, motivada por la creciente preocupación ambiental y sanitaria asociada a los plaguicidas sintéticos.
Su compleja naturaleza química sugiere un papel multifuncional en la protección de cultivos, que va más allá de la acción biocida para abarcar interacciones con los propios sistemas de defensa de la planta.
Esta tesis tiene como objetivos (1) realizar un análisis exhaustivo in vitro de diversos AEs para determinar su actividad antifúngica contra las especies fitopatóg¡enas Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria alternata y Penicilium digitatum, y correlacionar su eficacia con su composición química; (2) investigar los efectos de los AEs de Satureja montana y Artemisia absinthium como inductoresd del sistema de defensa en plantas de tomate contra Meloidogyne javanica, y (3) evaluar la eficacia de diferentes métodos de aplicación, incluida la fumigación, para el control de enfermedades fúngicas post cosecha en frutos.
El estudio in vitro identificó los aceites esenciales ricos en compuestos fenólicos (p.
ej.
, carvacrol en el aceite esencial de Satureja montana) y cetonas monoterpénicas (p.
ej.
, óxido de piperitenona en el aceite esencial de Mentha rotundifolia) como los que tienen la actividad antifúngica de amplio espectro más potente.
Sin embargo, se observó un equilibrio crítico entre eficacia y fitotoxicidad.
La investigación reveló un modo de acción dual: más allá de los efectos biocidas directos, los aceites esenciales actúan como elicitores de defensa.
En plantas de tomate, el tratamiento con S.
montana y A.
absinthium alteró el metaboloma de la planta, evidenciado por la significativa regulación positiva de las vías metabólicas relacionadas con el sistema de defensa, incluyendo la acumulación de glicoalcaloides esteroideos (tomatina, tomatidina) en las raíces y fenilpropanoides en las partes aéreas.
Además, se encontró que el método de aplicación era un factor decisivo para el éxito; en ensayos poscosecha, la fumigación con aceite esencial de S.
montana proporcionó un control superior de B.
cinerea en tomates en comparación con el contacto directo, lo que resalta la importancia de la acción fumigante.
Este estudio confirma el potencial de los aceites esenciales como bioplaguicidas multifuncionales con perfiles químicos específicos.
Actúan mediante un mecanismo dual de efectos directos y una estimulación indirecta de las defensas de las plantas.
Sin embargo, su aplicación práctica depende fundamentalmente de la optimización del método de administración y del equilibrio entre la eficacia biocida y la fitotoxicidad del huésped.
El éxito futuro reside en el desarrollo de formulaciones avanzadas para aprovechar al máximo su potencial en los sistemas integrados de gestión de plagas.
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