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Ion Exchangers
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AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Structures of Ion‐Exchange Resins2.1.Polymer Matrices2.2.Functional Groups2.2.1.Cation‐Exchange Resins2.2.2.Anion‐Exchange Resins2.2.3.Other Types of Ion‐Exchange Resins2.3.Adsorbent Resins and Inert Polymers3.Properties3.1.Degree of Cross‐Linking and Porosity3.2.Exchange Capacity3.3.Stability and Service Life3.4.Density3.5.Particle Size3.6.Moisture Content4.Ion‐Exchange Reactions4.1.Cation Exchange4.2.Anion Exchange4.3.Cation and Anion Exchange in Water Treatment5.Ion‐Exchange Equilibria5.1.Dissociation and pK Value5.2.Mono ‐ Monovalent Exchange5.3.Mono ‐ Divalent Exchange (Water Softening)5.4.General Case6.Exchange Kinetics6.1.Principles6.2.Kinetic Curves6.3.Strongly Acidic or Strongly Basic Resins6.3.1.Film Diffusion6.3.2.Particle Diffusion6.4.Weakly Acidic or Weakly Basic Resins7.Practical Consequences of Ion‐Exchange Equilibrium and Kinetics7.1.Operating Capacity, Regeneration Efficiency, and Regenerant Usage7.2.Permanent Leakage7.3.Water Analysis7.4.Calculations in the Design of Ion‐Exchange Plants for Water Purification7.5.Example of Calculation7.5.1.Principle7.5.2.Basic Data7.5.3.Demineralization Unit7.5.4.Polishing Unit8.Industrial Use of Ion Exchange8.1.Description of the Ion‐Exchange Cycle8.2.Methods for Overcoming Equilibrium Problems9.Ion‐Exchange Resin Combinations9.1.Pretreatment9.2.Softening9.3.Demineralization (Primary System)9.4.Polishing9.5.Choice of Resin10.Plant Design10.1.General Considerations10.2.Fixed‐Bed Ion‐Exchange Units10.2.1.Column Diameter and Bed Depth10.2.2.Small‐Scale Units10.2.3.Industrial Co‐ and Counterflow Plants10.2.4.Mixed Beds10.2.5.Other Ion‐Exchange Polishers10.3.Continuously Circulated Ion‐Exchange Resins10.4.External Valves and Pipework10.5.Control Systems11.Special Processes in Water Treatment11.1.Removal of Organic Matter11.2.Treatment of Potable Water11.3.Treatment of Brackish Water11.4.Processes Involving Sea Water11.5.Treatment of Condensates11.5.1.Conventional Resins11.5.2.Powdered Resins11.6.Water Treatment in the Nuclear Industry11.7.Production of Ultrapure Water12.Special Applications of Ion Exchange12.1.Processing Steps12.1.1.Purification12.1.2.Ion Substitution12.1.3.Recovery and Concentration12.1.4.Separation12.1.5.Diffusion12.1.6.Catalysis12.1.7.Dehydration12.1.8.Coalescence on Oleophilic Resins12.1.9.Liquid Ion Exchangers12.1.10.Ion‐Exchange Membranes12.2.Technical Considerations
Title: Ion Exchangers
Description:
AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.
Introduction2.
Structures of Ion‐Exchange Resins2.
1.
Polymer Matrices2.
2.
Functional Groups2.
2.
1.
Cation‐Exchange Resins2.
2.
2.
Anion‐Exchange Resins2.
2.
3.
Other Types of Ion‐Exchange Resins2.
3.
Adsorbent Resins and Inert Polymers3.
Properties3.
1.
Degree of Cross‐Linking and Porosity3.
2.
Exchange Capacity3.
3.
Stability and Service Life3.
4.
Density3.
5.
Particle Size3.
6.
Moisture Content4.
Ion‐Exchange Reactions4.
1.
Cation Exchange4.
2.
Anion Exchange4.
3.
Cation and Anion Exchange in Water Treatment5.
Ion‐Exchange Equilibria5.
1.
Dissociation and pK Value5.
2.
Mono ‐ Monovalent Exchange5.
3.
Mono ‐ Divalent Exchange (Water Softening)5.
4.
General Case6.
Exchange Kinetics6.
1.
Principles6.
2.
Kinetic Curves6.
3.
Strongly Acidic or Strongly Basic Resins6.
3.
1.
Film Diffusion6.
3.
2.
Particle Diffusion6.
4.
Weakly Acidic or Weakly Basic Resins7.
Practical Consequences of Ion‐Exchange Equilibrium and Kinetics7.
1.
Operating Capacity, Regeneration Efficiency, and Regenerant Usage7.
2.
Permanent Leakage7.
3.
Water Analysis7.
4.
Calculations in the Design of Ion‐Exchange Plants for Water Purification7.
5.
Example of Calculation7.
5.
1.
Principle7.
5.
2.
Basic Data7.
5.
3.
Demineralization Unit7.
5.
4.
Polishing Unit8.
Industrial Use of Ion Exchange8.
1.
Description of the Ion‐Exchange Cycle8.
2.
Methods for Overcoming Equilibrium Problems9.
Ion‐Exchange Resin Combinations9.
1.
Pretreatment9.
2.
Softening9.
3.
Demineralization (Primary System)9.
4.
Polishing9.
5.
Choice of Resin10.
Plant Design10.
1.
General Considerations10.
2.
Fixed‐Bed Ion‐Exchange Units10.
2.
1.
Column Diameter and Bed Depth10.
2.
2.
Small‐Scale Units10.
2.
3.
Industrial Co‐ and Counterflow Plants10.
2.
4.
Mixed Beds10.
2.
5.
Other Ion‐Exchange Polishers10.
3.
Continuously Circulated Ion‐Exchange Resins10.
4.
External Valves and Pipework10.
5.
Control Systems11.
Special Processes in Water Treatment11.
1.
Removal of Organic Matter11.
2.
Treatment of Potable Water11.
3.
Treatment of Brackish Water11.
4.
Processes Involving Sea Water11.
5.
Treatment of Condensates11.
5.
1.
Conventional Resins11.
5.
2.
Powdered Resins11.
6.
Water Treatment in the Nuclear Industry11.
7.
Production of Ultrapure Water12.
Special Applications of Ion Exchange12.
1.
Processing Steps12.
1.
1.
Purification12.
1.
2.
Ion Substitution12.
1.
3.
Recovery and Concentration12.
1.
4.
Separation12.
1.
5.
Diffusion12.
1.
6.
Catalysis12.
1.
7.
Dehydration12.
1.
8.
Coalescence on Oleophilic Resins12.
1.
9.
Liquid Ion Exchangers12.
1.
10.
Ion‐Exchange Membranes12.
2.
Technical Considerations.
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