N ieuwenhuis, F erdinand D omela (1846–1919)

Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis, founder of the Dutch socialist movement and of the Internationale Anti‐Militaristische Vereeniging (International Anti‐militarist Association) (IAMV), was born into a well‐to‐do family. In 1870 Domela Nieuwenhuis became a Lutheran clergyman, but soon expressed very latitudinarian convictions. Having lost two wives, he became agnostic, drawn towards social reform and socialism. In 1878 he considered himself a socialist. Leaving the church, he founded his own journal, Recht voor Allen (Equal Rights for Everyone, 1879), which later became the journal of the Dutch socialist movement. As the intellectual and political leader of the Dutch socialists, Domela Nieuwenhuis preached socialism throughout the country. At the end of 1886 he was sentenced to a year in prison for lèse majesté . In 1888, half a year after his release, he became the first socialist member of parliament, serving until 1891.