Neuro-Epistemological Perspectives on Sannikarsha: A Comprehensive Review of Sensory Interface Mechanisms in Classical Nyaya and Integrative Ayurveda

Background: The epistemological validity of knowledge in Ayurveda relies heavily on Pratyaksha (direct perception), which is mediated by Sannikarsha (contact/interface). In an era of increasing sensory overload and lifestyle-related cognitive dysfunctions, understanding the classical mechanisms of sensory engagement is vital for developing preventive and therapeutic strategies. Aim: This review aims to elucidate the classical interpretations of Sannikarsha within Nyaya philosophy and Ayurveda. Methods: A conceptual review was conducted using primary classical texts—Caraka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya, Nyaya Sutra, and Tarka Sangraha—along with contemporary scientific literature retrieved from Scopus and PubMed-indexed journals. The analysis focused on the six-fold ordinary (Laukika) and three-fold extraordinary (Alaukika) classifications of contact. Results: Sannikarsha serves as a bridge between consciousness (Atman), attention (Manas), and biological receptors (Indriya). The hierarchical structure of contact, from simple conjunction (Samyoga) to complex inherence (Samavaya), parallels the progression from peripheral stimulus reception to higher-order cortical processing. Clinically, Asatmendriyarthsamyoga (incompatible sensory contact) is identified as a primary etiological factor for modern non-communicable diseases and psychosomatic disorders. Conclusion: Integrating the philosophical rigor of Sannikarsha with contemporary neuroscience provides a holistic framework for understanding sensory-driven pathologies. This synthesis supports the implementation of sensory discipline (Indriya Nigraha) as a clinical intervention for maintaining homeostatic balance in a high-stimulation environment.