Protective Effects of Ocimum basilicum on Neurotoxicity Induced by Graphite Oxide Nano Particles in Sprauge Dawely Rats

Graphite oxide (GO) nanoparticles are being used extensively in both industry and medical fields, yet there are still concerns about their possible neurotoxic effects. The protective properties of Ocimum basilicum (Niaz boo) extract against GO-induced neurotoxicity in male Sprague Dawley rats were evaluated in the present study. For the LC50 determination (9.5 mg/kg BW), 15 of the 65 rats had been used, while the remaining 50 were split into two groups: 25 rats were exposed to GO, and 25 rats were treated with O. basilicum. Each subgroup consisted of five rats. For 28 days, oral O. basilicum extract was given at 250, 350, and 450 mg/kg BW, while intraperitoneal GO was given at 5.5, 6.5, and 7.5 mg/kg BW. Gliosis, vacuolation, neuronal degeneration, and hippocampus inflammation were observed in brain histology following GO exposure. Oxidative stress and behavioral dysfunctions, such as anxiety-like reactions, decreased movement, and limited exploration, were also observed.  Treatment with O. basilicum significantly decreased these neurotoxic effects by preserving neuronal integrity, increasing antioxidant defenses, and improving behavioral results. In conclusion, O. basilicum exhibits substantial neuroprotective effects, emphasizing its potential as a natural therapeutic agent against nanoparticle-induced neurological damage, whereas GO nanoparticles cause severe neurotoxicity through oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.