Global English and Its Influence on Azerbaijani: A Sociolinguistic and Language-Policy Analysis

This study examines the influence of Global English on the Azerbaijani language from a sociolinguistic and language-policy perspective. Rather than presenting undocumented survey or corpus findings, it adopts a qualitative documentary method that integrates research on Global Englishes, English as a lingua franca, Azerbaijani lexicology, terminology development, and official language-policy discourse. A purposive set of established and frequently discussed English-origin lexical items is used to illustrate historical routes of transfer, particularly the contrast between earlier Russian-mediated borrowing and more recent direct contact with English. The analysis identifies four interconnected tendencies: adaptation to Azerbaijani orthographic and phonological patterns; concentration of borrowings in internationally connected domains such as sport, technology, business, media, and education; variation between necessary terminology and prestige-driven duplication; and the simultaneous operation of English as both a source of lexical pressure and a resource for intercultural participation. The study argues that lexical borrowing is neither evidence of linguistic poverty nor a process that should be accepted without regulation. A sustainable policy should distinguish internationally established terminology from unnecessary replacement of transparent Azerbaijani equivalents, strengthen terminological coordination, and support high-quality Azerbaijani digital resources. The Azerbaijani case demonstrates that language protection and global multilingual participation can be treated as complementary rather than mutually exclusive goals.