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Exploring Language Features of Male and Female Speakers in Pakistani TEDx Talks: A Corpus-based Comparative Analysis

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The study explores the linguistic patterns in Pakistani TEDx Talks. It is based on gender-based language use. It consists of ten talks selected from YouTube and applies both quantitative analysis with the help of AntConc 3.4.4w and qualitative interpretations by researchers. Based on modern professional speaking contexts, this study examines two models including Lakoff’s Deficit Model (1975) and Tannen’s Difference Model (1990). Findings demonstrate that Lakoff’s model presents a more simplified gendered language and inadequately explain power relations in formal speech. Tannen’s model is more flexible but limited by binary gender assumptions. It fails to capture situational variation in speaking strategies. This research examines how cultural and contextual factors, along with global conditions, influence the use of the Pakistani language in TEDx Talks. Professional interaction requires speakers to use language strategically, rather than adhering to rules defined by gender norms. The analysis utilises gendered language and linguistic features through corpus- based research of TEDx Talks within spoken discourse. Future research may investigate linguistic features in the same domain for written discourse. References Ali, A., & Shakir, A. (2024). Gender differences in the use of boosters in Pakistani opinion columns: A corpus-based study. Linguistic Forum - A Journal of Linguistics, 6(1), 1–15. Anjum, R. Y., Amjad, F., Yousaf, S., & Manzoor, F. (2018). Gender-based linguistic variations in Urdu language and their role in the suppression of females. Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies, 4(2), 231–248. Asghar, J., & Zahra, T. (2021). Gender-based linguistic variation in Pakistani IELTS argumentative essays: A multidimensional analysis. Pakistan Journal of Language Studies, 5(2), 45–60. Aziz, M., & Kamal, S. (2020). Gender stereotypes in the language of Pakistani newspapers.  Journal of Gender and Social Issues, 19(1), 15–30. Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge University Press. Cameron, D. (2003). Gender and language ideologies. In The handbook of language and gender (pp. 447–467). Oxford University Press. Eckert, P., & McConnell-Ginet, S. (2013). Language and gender (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. Elmahdi, O. E. H., Balla, A. A. S., & Abdelrady, A. H. (2024). Gender variations in linguistic styles across online platforms: A thematic analysis. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation, 7(12), 62–70. https://doi.org/10.32996/ijllt Farooq, M. U., & Nawaz, S. (2021). Linguistic politeness of Pakistani English and British English speakers: A comparative study. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 8(1), 1996917. Gu, L. (2013). Language and gender: Differences and similarities. In Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Advances in Social Science, Humanities, and Management (pp. 248–251). Atlantis Press. Habib, A., & Jamil, S. (2022). Gendered language in Pakistani news reporting: A critical discourse analysis. Journal of Media Studies, 37(2), 88–105. Holmes, J. (1984). Hedging your bets and sitting on the fence: Some evidence for hedges as support structures. Te Reo, 27, 47–62. Holmes, J. (1992). An introduction to sociolinguistics. Longman. Holmes, J. (2006). Gendered talk at work. Blackwell Publishing. Holmes, J. (2013). An introduction to sociolinguistics (4th ed.). Routledge. Hymes, D. (1974). Foundations in sociolinguistics: An ethnographic approach. University of Pennsylvania Press. Jay, T. (1992). Cursing in America: A psycholinguistic study of dirty language in the courts, the movies, and daily life. John Benjamins. Johnson, R. B., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Turner, L. A. (2007). Toward a definition of mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), 112–133. Khan, S., & Ali, R. (2020). Gendered language practices in English-medium educational institutions in Pakistan. International Journal of Linguistics and Communication, 8(1), 15–28. Labov, W. (1972). Sociolinguistic patterns. University of Pennsylvania Press. Lakoff, R. (1975). Language and woman’s place. Harper & Row. Mahmood, R., & Iqbal, Z. (2018). Use of interactive and interactional metadiscourse features in Pakistani English newspaper editorials. Journal of Language and Politics, 17(6), 812– 830. Nawaz, S., & Perveen, S. (2023). Gender-based linguistic variations in Pakistani parliamentary debates. Pakistan Journal of Language Studies, 7(1), 22–39. Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G., & Svartvik, J. (1985). A comprehensive grammar of the English language. Longman. Rafi, M. S., & Yasmin, F. (2021). Gender differences in language use in Pakistani blogs: A content analysis. Journal of Digital Media & Policy, 12(3), 295–312. Shahid, A., Arshad, M., & Shaukat, S. (2024). Lexical insights into ‘embracing change’ in Pakistani TEDx talks: A corpus-based study. Policy Research Journal. Shaukat, R., Shahid, M., & Arslan, M. F. (2024). Pakistani TED Talks: A corpus-based comparative analysis of interactional metadiscourse markers across gender. Journal of Applied Linguistics and TESOL (JALT), 7(4), 611–627. Sheyholislami, J. (2001). Critical discourse analysis. Unpublished manuscript, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON. Siddique, M., & Iqbal, Z. (2018). Interactive and interactional metadiscourse in Pakistani English newspaper editorials: A comparative study. Journal of Language and Politics, 17(6), 812–830. Tariq, M., & Hassan, N. (2023). Gender-based differences in storytelling among Pakistani speakers: A narrative analysis. Narrative Inquiry, 33(1), 45–62. Tran, T. D., Nguyen, L. N. T., Nguyen, H. T., Dang, T. B. D., & Au, M. T. (2025). Language and gender: How societal norms influence communication and implications for language teaching. International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 8(1), 26–32. http://www.ijirss.com Trudgill, P. (1972). Sex, covert prestige, and linguistic change in the urban British English of Norwich. Language in Society, 1(2), 179–195. Trudgill, P. (1974). Sociolinguistics. Penguin Books. Trudgill, P. (2000). Sociolinguistics: An introduction to language and society (4th ed.). Penguin Books. Yasmin, F., & Rafi, M. S. (2021). Gender differences in language use in Pakistani blogs: A content analysis. Journal of Digital Media & Policy, 12(3), 295–312. Yasmin, R., & Anjum, F. (2018). Gender-based linguistic variations in Urdu language and their role in suppression of females. Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies, 4(2), 231–248. Zafar, M., & Mehmood, T. (2019). Gendered language in Pakistani ESL classrooms: A sociolinguistic study. International Journal of English Linguistics, 9(5), 360–375. Raza, M., Jawaid, A., & Ahmad, I. (2018). Association of dialysis with quality-adjusted life         years (QALY) in control group patients. Gomal University Journal of Research, 34(1),        62–69. Raza, M., Jawaid, A., & Ikram ul Haq, M. (2018). The effect of interventions on quality-  adjusted life years (QALY) of dialysis patients. Gomal University Journal of        Research, 34(2), 73–79. http://www.gujr.com.pk/index.php/GUJR/article/view/233 Zahra, T., & Asghar, J. (2021). Gender-based linguistic variation in Pakistani IELTS argumentative essays: A multidimensional analysis. Pakistan Journal of Language Studies, 5(2), 45–60. Zia, A., & Akhtar, N. (2020). Gendered language practices in English-medium educational institutions in Pakistan. International Journal of Linguistics and Communication, 8(1), 15–28. Zubair, S., & Khan, M. (2022). Gendered language in Pakistani news reporting: A critical discourse analysis. Journal of Media Studies, 37(2), 88–105. Zulfiqar, S., & Ahmed, N. (2023). Gender-based linguistic variations in Pakistani parliamentary debates. Pakistan Journal of Language Studies, 7(1), 22–39. Zulqarnain, M., & Saeed, A. (2020). Gender stereotypes in the language of Pakistani newspapers. Journal of Gender and Social Issues, 19(1), 15–30.
Title: Exploring Language Features of Male and Female Speakers in Pakistani TEDx Talks: A Corpus-based Comparative Analysis
Description:
The study explores the linguistic patterns in Pakistani TEDx Talks.
It is based on gender-based language use.
It consists of ten talks selected from YouTube and applies both quantitative analysis with the help of AntConc 3.
4.
4w and qualitative interpretations by researchers.
Based on modern professional speaking contexts, this study examines two models including Lakoff’s Deficit Model (1975) and Tannen’s Difference Model (1990).
Findings demonstrate that Lakoff’s model presents a more simplified gendered language and inadequately explain power relations in formal speech.
Tannen’s model is more flexible but limited by binary gender assumptions.
It fails to capture situational variation in speaking strategies.
This research examines how cultural and contextual factors, along with global conditions, influence the use of the Pakistani language in TEDx Talks.
Professional interaction requires speakers to use language strategically, rather than adhering to rules defined by gender norms.
The analysis utilises gendered language and linguistic features through corpus- based research of TEDx Talks within spoken discourse.
Future research may investigate linguistic features in the same domain for written discourse.
References Ali, A.
, & Shakir, A.
(2024).
Gender differences in the use of boosters in Pakistani opinion columns: A corpus-based study.
Linguistic Forum - A Journal of Linguistics, 6(1), 1–15.
Anjum, R.
Y.
, Amjad, F.
, Yousaf, S.
, & Manzoor, F.
(2018).
Gender-based linguistic variations in Urdu language and their role in the suppression of females.
Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies, 4(2), 231–248.
Asghar, J.
, & Zahra, T.
(2021).
Gender-based linguistic variation in Pakistani IELTS argumentative essays: A multidimensional analysis.
Pakistan Journal of Language Studies, 5(2), 45–60.
Aziz, M.
, & Kamal, S.
(2020).
Gender stereotypes in the language of Pakistani newspapers.
  Journal of Gender and Social Issues, 19(1), 15–30.
Brown, P.
, & Levinson, S.
C.
(1987).
Politeness: Some universals in language usage.
Cambridge University Press.
Cameron, D.
(2003).
Gender and language ideologies.
In The handbook of language and gender (pp.
447–467).
Oxford University Press.
Eckert, P.
, & McConnell-Ginet, S.
(2013).
Language and gender (2nd ed.
).
Cambridge University Press.
Elmahdi, O.
E.
H.
, Balla, A.
A.
S.
, & Abdelrady, A.
H.
(2024).
Gender variations in linguistic styles across online platforms: A thematic analysis.
International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation, 7(12), 62–70.
https://doi.
org/10.
32996/ijllt Farooq, M.
U.
, & Nawaz, S.
(2021).
Linguistic politeness of Pakistani English and British English speakers: A comparative study.
Cogent Arts & Humanities, 8(1), 1996917.
Gu, L.
(2013).
Language and gender: Differences and similarities.
In Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Advances in Social Science, Humanities, and Management (pp.
248–251).
Atlantis Press.
Habib, A.
, & Jamil, S.
(2022).
Gendered language in Pakistani news reporting: A critical discourse analysis.
Journal of Media Studies, 37(2), 88–105.
Holmes, J.
(1984).
Hedging your bets and sitting on the fence: Some evidence for hedges as support structures.
Te Reo, 27, 47–62.
Holmes, J.
(1992).
An introduction to sociolinguistics.
Longman.
Holmes, J.
(2006).
Gendered talk at work.
Blackwell Publishing.
Holmes, J.
(2013).
An introduction to sociolinguistics (4th ed.
).
Routledge.
Hymes, D.
(1974).
Foundations in sociolinguistics: An ethnographic approach.
University of Pennsylvania Press.
Jay, T.
(1992).
Cursing in America: A psycholinguistic study of dirty language in the courts, the movies, and daily life.
John Benjamins.
Johnson, R.
B.
, Onwuegbuzie, A.
J.
, & Turner, L.
A.
(2007).
Toward a definition of mixed methods research.
Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), 112–133.
Khan, S.
, & Ali, R.
(2020).
Gendered language practices in English-medium educational institutions in Pakistan.
International Journal of Linguistics and Communication, 8(1), 15–28.
Labov, W.
(1972).
Sociolinguistic patterns.
University of Pennsylvania Press.
Lakoff, R.
(1975).
Language and woman’s place.
Harper & Row.
Mahmood, R.
, & Iqbal, Z.
(2018).
Use of interactive and interactional metadiscourse features in Pakistani English newspaper editorials.
Journal of Language and Politics, 17(6), 812– 830.
Nawaz, S.
, & Perveen, S.
(2023).
Gender-based linguistic variations in Pakistani parliamentary debates.
Pakistan Journal of Language Studies, 7(1), 22–39.
Quirk, R.
, Greenbaum, S.
, Leech, G.
, & Svartvik, J.
(1985).
A comprehensive grammar of the English language.
Longman.
Rafi, M.
S.
, & Yasmin, F.
(2021).
Gender differences in language use in Pakistani blogs: A content analysis.
Journal of Digital Media & Policy, 12(3), 295–312.
Shahid, A.
, Arshad, M.
, & Shaukat, S.
(2024).
Lexical insights into ‘embracing change’ in Pakistani TEDx talks: A corpus-based study.
Policy Research Journal.
Shaukat, R.
, Shahid, M.
, & Arslan, M.
F.
(2024).
Pakistani TED Talks: A corpus-based comparative analysis of interactional metadiscourse markers across gender.
Journal of Applied Linguistics and TESOL (JALT), 7(4), 611–627.
Sheyholislami, J.
(2001).
Critical discourse analysis.
Unpublished manuscript, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON.
Siddique, M.
, & Iqbal, Z.
(2018).
Interactive and interactional metadiscourse in Pakistani English newspaper editorials: A comparative study.
Journal of Language and Politics, 17(6), 812–830.
Tariq, M.
, & Hassan, N.
(2023).
Gender-based differences in storytelling among Pakistani speakers: A narrative analysis.
Narrative Inquiry, 33(1), 45–62.
Tran, T.
D.
, Nguyen, L.
N.
T.
, Nguyen, H.
T.
, Dang, T.
B.
D.
, & Au, M.
T.
(2025).
Language and gender: How societal norms influence communication and implications for language teaching.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 8(1), 26–32.
http://www.
ijirss.
com Trudgill, P.
(1972).
Sex, covert prestige, and linguistic change in the urban British English of Norwich.
Language in Society, 1(2), 179–195.
Trudgill, P.
(1974).
Sociolinguistics.
Penguin Books.
Trudgill, P.
(2000).
Sociolinguistics: An introduction to language and society (4th ed.
).
Penguin Books.
Yasmin, F.
, & Rafi, M.
S.
(2021).
Gender differences in language use in Pakistani blogs: A content analysis.
Journal of Digital Media & Policy, 12(3), 295–312.
Yasmin, R.
, & Anjum, F.
(2018).
Gender-based linguistic variations in Urdu language and their role in suppression of females.
Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies, 4(2), 231–248.
Zafar, M.
, & Mehmood, T.
(2019).
Gendered language in Pakistani ESL classrooms: A sociolinguistic study.
International Journal of English Linguistics, 9(5), 360–375.
Raza, M.
, Jawaid, A.
, & Ahmad, I.
(2018).
Association of dialysis with quality-adjusted life         years (QALY) in control group patients.
Gomal University Journal of Research, 34(1),        62–69.
Raza, M.
, Jawaid, A.
, & Ikram ul Haq, M.
(2018).
The effect of interventions on quality-  adjusted life years (QALY) of dialysis patients.
Gomal University Journal of        Research, 34(2), 73–79.
http://www.
gujr.
com.
pk/index.
php/GUJR/article/view/233 Zahra, T.
, & Asghar, J.
(2021).
Gender-based linguistic variation in Pakistani IELTS argumentative essays: A multidimensional analysis.
Pakistan Journal of Language Studies, 5(2), 45–60.
Zia, A.
, & Akhtar, N.
(2020).
Gendered language practices in English-medium educational institutions in Pakistan.
International Journal of Linguistics and Communication, 8(1), 15–28.
Zubair, S.
, & Khan, M.
(2022).
Gendered language in Pakistani news reporting: A critical discourse analysis.
Journal of Media Studies, 37(2), 88–105.
Zulfiqar, S.
, & Ahmed, N.
(2023).
Gender-based linguistic variations in Pakistani parliamentary debates.
Pakistan Journal of Language Studies, 7(1), 22–39.
Zulqarnain, M.
, & Saeed, A.
(2020).
Gender stereotypes in the language of Pakistani newspapers.
Journal of Gender and Social Issues, 19(1), 15–30.

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