Pilot rural–urban comparison of health care experiences among autistic adolescents and young adults

Autistic adolescents and young adults face barriers to accessing health care, particularly during the pediatric-to-adult care transition. This study compared health care access, utilization, and provider interactions between rural and urban autistic adolescents and young adults. Autistic adolescents and young adults ( N  = 180) aged 14–25 were recruited through autism registries and community agencies across multiple US states from October 2022 to June 2023. They completed the Health Care Transition Experience Survey, a 51-item questionnaire evaluating health care experiences. Rural–urban differences were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. Rural autistic adolescents and young adults ( n  = 84) relied more on a single health care location, while urban autistic adolescents and young adults ( n  = 96) more often used multiple providers (72.6% vs 56.3%, p  = 0.046). Rural autistic adolescents and young adults reported greater challenges with providers lacking autism-specific knowledge (40.5% vs 24.0%, p  = 0.017) and limited nearby providers (57.1% vs 26.0%, p  < 0.001). They also encountered more issues with dental insurance acceptance (46.4% vs 12.5%, p  = 0.015), while urban autistic adolescents and young adults more often lacked dental insurance (33.3% vs 3.6%, p  = 0.008). Significant rural–urban disparities were found in health care experiences, particularly provider availability and autism expertise in rural areas. Targeted interventions addressing rural health care barriers and enhanced provider training in autism care are needed. Lay abstract Health care can be especially challenging for young autistic people, particularly when they move from child to adult health care. Our pilot study looked at whether the health care experiences are similar or different for autistic young people living in rural areas versus urban areas. We surveyed 180 autistic people aged 14–25 years about their health care experiences, including 96 from urban areas and 84 from rural areas. The survey asked about their experiences in finding providers, getting appointments, working with providers, and how well their providers understood autism. The results showed that rural young autistic people face some unique challenges. They often had to travel farther to find providers. They were more likely to work with one provider and report that their providers did not understand autism well compared to urban young autistic people, who often could choose between different providers. Interestingly, both rural and urban participants felt similarly about how well they could talk with their providers once they started working with them. Dental care stood out as particularly challenging among different health care services—rural participants had trouble finding dentists who accepted their insurance, while urban participants were more likely to have no dental insurance at all. These findings highlight important areas for improvement. Rural communities need more autism-trained providers and better access to nearby health services. In urban areas, addressing gaps in insurance coverage is critical. Together, we should improve care for all young autistic people, no matter where they live.