A Review of Dysuria in Traditional Persian Medicine

Background: Background: Dysuria is a very prevalent urinary symptom experienced by the majority of people at least once over their lifetime. Despite the advantages of conventional medications for the management of dysuria, in some patients, there is no thoroughly successful treatment, so numerous patients have a tendency to use complementary or traditional treatments. Persian medicine (PM) consists of the sum total of all the knowledge and practices used in identification, prevention, and treatment in Iran from ancient times to the present. Persian Medicine (PM) manuscripts are a valuable source of experiences of Iranian scholars over the centuries, which contain a lot of information about medicinal herbs that have been used for dysuria. Objectives: The goal of this study was to assess the etiology of dysuria, its types, and treatment according to the principles of PM. Methods: A literature search compiled some PM manuscripts, including the Canon of Medicine, Exir-e-Azam, and Tebb-e-Akbari, on the concept of dysuria as a prevalent disorder to review the etiology, types, and management of dysuria by PM scholars' approaches. Results: According to PM manuscripts, there are three main causes of dysuria. Also, dysuria was treated with three major approaches, including lifestyle modification, food substances, medicinal herbs, and finally, manual therapy. Conclusion: In conclusion, it seems while there are flaws in the conventional management of dysuria, and PM recommendations have found empirical support over the centuries, some PM treatments can be helpful to conventional medicine as complementary medicine; however, more studies are necessary to confirm their effectiveness.