Proppant Placement Using Reverse-Hybrid Fracs

Abstract In conventional gel fracturing treatments, the damage induced by the gel can have a significant impact on well performance, particularly in low permeability gas formations. Slick-water fracs have been shown to be more successful in some tight gas formations because of reduced gel damage and limited height growth. Proppant placement is a major concern in water fracs. Hybrid water-fracs (using slick water as the pad fluid and gel to place the proppant) provide some improvements to the performance of water-fracs. This paper proposes a new method, reverse-hybrid fracs (RHF), for the efficient placement of proppant deep into created fractures while minimizing gel induced damage. Experiments were conducted in a simulated fracture (slot cell) to study the transport of proppant. Slick-water was injected first into the slot, followed by gel. Finally slick water containing proppant was injected to displace the gel. The water that carried the proppant, quickly formed viscous fingers through the gel. The gel was observed to form long thin layers which effectively hindered proppant settling and helped transport the proppant further into the slot. This resulted in the formation of proppant packs above the gel layers. In this paper, experimental results are presented to show how the gel layers distribute in the slot and how proppant distribution is affected by the gel layers. A transparent cell made up of rough walls was set up to investigate the effect of fracture wall roughness. The effects of fluid viscosity ratio, fracture wall roughness and gel pad volume were investigated. Based on the experiments and scaling relations, recommendations are made for the pumping sequence and the size of the gel and slick water stages in reverse hybrid fracture treatments. This method of proppant placement requires less gel than conventional gel-fracs and smaller pump horsepower than water-fracs. Other advantages include: less gel damage to the proppant pack and less penetration of the pad fluid into the formation resulting in shorter cleanup time following fracture treatment.