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Graphene mechanical resonators coupled to superconducting microwave cavities
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In recent years, mechanical resonators based on graphene have attracted considerable
interest as nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). Graphene NEMSs allow for exceptional properties such as high mechanical strength, high frequencies and quality factors, tunable mechanical properties, and ultra-low mass. As a consequence, these systems are promising to investigate motion in the quantum regime, probe rich nonlinear phenomena, sense minuscule masses and forces, and study surface science.
However, a central challenge in graphene NEMS research is the coupling of the mechanical
vibrations to external systems for efficient read out and manipulation. In this dissertation, we report on a novel approach, in which we harness the optomechanical radiation pressure interaction to investigate few-layer and multilayer graphene mechanical resonators at cryogenic temperatures (T = 15 mK). The capacitive coupling between graphene mechanical systems and the microwave photons of a superconducting microwave
cavity allows for investigation of the mechanical properties with unprecedented accuracy
and control.
In a first experiment, the coupling of circular, high-Q graphene mechanical resonators
(Qm ~105) to a nearby cavity counter electrode results in a large single-photon optomechanical coupling of ~10 Hz. The initial devices exhibit electrostatic tunability of the
graphene equilibrium position, strong tunability of the mechanical resonance frequency,
and the possibility to control the sign and magnitude of the observed During nonlinearity.
Compared to optomechanical systems fabricated from bulk materials, the strong tunability of the mechanical properties of graphene NEMS is unique.
In a second experiment, we quantitatively investigate the sideband cooling and force sensing performance of multilayer graphene optomechanical systems. The strong coupling
to the microwave photons allows to achieve a mechanical displacement sensitivity of 1:3 fm Hz-1/2 and to cool the mechanical motion to an average phonon occupation of 7:2. In terms of force sensing performance, we find that the force sensitivity is limited by the imprecision in the measurement of the vibrations, the fluctuations of the mechanical
resonant frequency, and the heating induced by the measurement. Our best force sensitivity, 390 zN Hz-1/2, is achieved by balancing measurement imprecision, optomechanical damping, and Joule heating. These results hold promise for studying the quantum capacitance of graphene, its magnetization, and the electron and nuclear spins of molecules adsorbed on its surface.
In a third experiment, we implement energy decay measurements to study mechanical
dissipation processes in multilayer graphene mechanical resonators. We study the
energy decay in two regimes. In the low-amplitude regime, the mechanical quality factor
surpasses Qm = 106. This quality factor is larger than that obtained with spectral
measurements, because energy decay measurements are immune from dephasing. In the
high-amplitude regime, the motion of atomically-thin mechanical resonators is radically
different from what has been observed in other resonators thus far. Instead of a smooth
exponential decay, energy decays discontinuously, that is, the dissipation rate increases
step like above a certain threshold amplitude. We attribute these phenomena to nonlinear
decay processes. These findings offer new opportunities for manipulating vibrational
states.
Durante los últimos años resonadores mecánicos basados en grafeno han atraído un considerable interés como sistemas nanoelectromecánicos (NEMS). Los NEMS de grafeno permiten excepcionales propiedades como una gran estabilidad mecánica, altas frecuencias de resonancia y factores de calidad, propiedades mecánicas ajustables y masas muy pequeñas. Como consecuencia, estos sistemas son buenos candidatos para investigar el movimiento mecánico en el régimen cuántico, indagar varios fenómenos no lineales, medir minúsculas masas o fuerzas y estudiar los efectos de superficie. Sin embargo, el mayor reto en la investigación de los NEMS de grafeno es el acoplamiento de las vibraciones mecánicas con sistemas externos con el objetivo de hacer una manipulación y lectura eficiente. En esta tesis, presentamos un nuevo enfoque en el cual aprovechamos la interacción de la presión de radiación optomecánica para investigar resonadores mecánicos de grafeno compuesto de pocas capas y multicapas en temperaturas criogénicas (T = 15 mK). El acoplamiento capacitivo entre el sistema mecánico de grafeno y los fotones de microondas de una cavidad superconductora permite la investigación de las propiedades mecánicas con una precisión y control sin precedentes. En un primer experimento el acoplamiento de un resonador circular de grafeno con un alto factor Q con un electrodo de la cavidad da como resultado un gran acoplamiento optomecánico de 10 Hz. Los dispositivos iniciales muestran un ajustamiento electrostático de la posición de equilibrio del grafeno, una fuerte variabilidad de la frecuencia de resonancia mecánica y la posibilidad de controlar el signo y magnitud de la no linearidad de tipo Dung. Comparado con otros sistemas optomecánicos fabricados de materiales bulk, la gran variabilidad de las propiedades mecánicas es única en los NEMS de grafeno. En un segundo experimento investigamos cuantitativamente el enfriamiento fuera de banda y sensibilidad de fuerzas usando un sistema optomecánico basado en grafeno multicapa. El fuerte acoplamiento a los fotones de microondas nos permite conseguir una sensibilidad del desplazamiento mecánico de 1:3 fm Hz-1/2 y también enfriar el movimiento mecánico hasta una ocupación media de 7:2 fonones. En términos de sensor de fuerzas, encontramos que la sensibilidad de fuerzas está limitada por la imprecisión en la medida de las vibraciones, las fluctuaciones de la frecuencia de resonancia mecánica y en el calentamiento inducido por la medida. Nuestra mejor sensibilidad de fuerzas 390 zN Hz-1/2 se consigue ajustando la imprecisión de la medida, el decaimiento optomecánico y el calentamiento Joule. Estos resultados son prometedores para el estudio de las capacidades cuánticas del grafeno, su magnetización y los espines nucleares y electrónicos de moléculas adsorbidas en la superficie del grafeno. En un tercer experimento implementamos medidas del decaimiento de energía para estudiar los procesos de disipación mecánica en resonadores de grafeno en multicapas
Title: Graphene mechanical resonators coupled to superconducting microwave cavities
Description:
In recent years, mechanical resonators based on graphene have attracted considerable
interest as nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS).
Graphene NEMSs allow for exceptional properties such as high mechanical strength, high frequencies and quality factors, tunable mechanical properties, and ultra-low mass.
As a consequence, these systems are promising to investigate motion in the quantum regime, probe rich nonlinear phenomena, sense minuscule masses and forces, and study surface science.
However, a central challenge in graphene NEMS research is the coupling of the mechanical
vibrations to external systems for efficient read out and manipulation.
In this dissertation, we report on a novel approach, in which we harness the optomechanical radiation pressure interaction to investigate few-layer and multilayer graphene mechanical resonators at cryogenic temperatures (T = 15 mK).
The capacitive coupling between graphene mechanical systems and the microwave photons of a superconducting microwave
cavity allows for investigation of the mechanical properties with unprecedented accuracy
and control.
In a first experiment, the coupling of circular, high-Q graphene mechanical resonators
(Qm ~105) to a nearby cavity counter electrode results in a large single-photon optomechanical coupling of ~10 Hz.
The initial devices exhibit electrostatic tunability of the
graphene equilibrium position, strong tunability of the mechanical resonance frequency,
and the possibility to control the sign and magnitude of the observed During nonlinearity.
Compared to optomechanical systems fabricated from bulk materials, the strong tunability of the mechanical properties of graphene NEMS is unique.
In a second experiment, we quantitatively investigate the sideband cooling and force sensing performance of multilayer graphene optomechanical systems.
The strong coupling
to the microwave photons allows to achieve a mechanical displacement sensitivity of 1:3 fm Hz-1/2 and to cool the mechanical motion to an average phonon occupation of 7:2.
In terms of force sensing performance, we find that the force sensitivity is limited by the imprecision in the measurement of the vibrations, the fluctuations of the mechanical
resonant frequency, and the heating induced by the measurement.
Our best force sensitivity, 390 zN Hz-1/2, is achieved by balancing measurement imprecision, optomechanical damping, and Joule heating.
These results hold promise for studying the quantum capacitance of graphene, its magnetization, and the electron and nuclear spins of molecules adsorbed on its surface.
In a third experiment, we implement energy decay measurements to study mechanical
dissipation processes in multilayer graphene mechanical resonators.
We study the
energy decay in two regimes.
In the low-amplitude regime, the mechanical quality factor
surpasses Qm = 106.
This quality factor is larger than that obtained with spectral
measurements, because energy decay measurements are immune from dephasing.
In the
high-amplitude regime, the motion of atomically-thin mechanical resonators is radically
different from what has been observed in other resonators thus far.
Instead of a smooth
exponential decay, energy decays discontinuously, that is, the dissipation rate increases
step like above a certain threshold amplitude.
We attribute these phenomena to nonlinear
decay processes.
These findings offer new opportunities for manipulating vibrational
states.
Durante los últimos años resonadores mecánicos basados en grafeno han atraído un considerable interés como sistemas nanoelectromecánicos (NEMS).
Los NEMS de grafeno permiten excepcionales propiedades como una gran estabilidad mecánica, altas frecuencias de resonancia y factores de calidad, propiedades mecánicas ajustables y masas muy pequeñas.
Como consecuencia, estos sistemas son buenos candidatos para investigar el movimiento mecánico en el régimen cuántico, indagar varios fenómenos no lineales, medir minúsculas masas o fuerzas y estudiar los efectos de superficie.
Sin embargo, el mayor reto en la investigación de los NEMS de grafeno es el acoplamiento de las vibraciones mecánicas con sistemas externos con el objetivo de hacer una manipulación y lectura eficiente.
En esta tesis, presentamos un nuevo enfoque en el cual aprovechamos la interacción de la presión de radiación optomecánica para investigar resonadores mecánicos de grafeno compuesto de pocas capas y multicapas en temperaturas criogénicas (T = 15 mK).
El acoplamiento capacitivo entre el sistema mecánico de grafeno y los fotones de microondas de una cavidad superconductora permite la investigación de las propiedades mecánicas con una precisión y control sin precedentes.
En un primer experimento el acoplamiento de un resonador circular de grafeno con un alto factor Q con un electrodo de la cavidad da como resultado un gran acoplamiento optomecánico de 10 Hz.
Los dispositivos iniciales muestran un ajustamiento electrostático de la posición de equilibrio del grafeno, una fuerte variabilidad de la frecuencia de resonancia mecánica y la posibilidad de controlar el signo y magnitud de la no linearidad de tipo Dung.
Comparado con otros sistemas optomecánicos fabricados de materiales bulk, la gran variabilidad de las propiedades mecánicas es única en los NEMS de grafeno.
En un segundo experimento investigamos cuantitativamente el enfriamiento fuera de banda y sensibilidad de fuerzas usando un sistema optomecánico basado en grafeno multicapa.
El fuerte acoplamiento a los fotones de microondas nos permite conseguir una sensibilidad del desplazamiento mecánico de 1:3 fm Hz-1/2 y también enfriar el movimiento mecánico hasta una ocupación media de 7:2 fonones.
En términos de sensor de fuerzas, encontramos que la sensibilidad de fuerzas está limitada por la imprecisión en la medida de las vibraciones, las fluctuaciones de la frecuencia de resonancia mecánica y en el calentamiento inducido por la medida.
Nuestra mejor sensibilidad de fuerzas 390 zN Hz-1/2 se consigue ajustando la imprecisión de la medida, el decaimiento optomecánico y el calentamiento Joule.
Estos resultados son prometedores para el estudio de las capacidades cuánticas del grafeno, su magnetización y los espines nucleares y electrónicos de moléculas adsorbidas en la superficie del grafeno.
En un tercer experimento implementamos medidas del decaimiento de energía para estudiar los procesos de disipación mecánica en resonadores de grafeno en multicapas.
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