VALIDATION AND RELIABILITY OF THE GUJARATI-SANE QUESTIONNAIRE IN MUSCULOSKELETAL PATIENT POPULATIONS

Background: Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) play a vital role in understanding how musculoskeletal conditions affect daily life and in evaluating the effectiveness of treatment. Among these, the Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) scale has gained popularity in orthopaedic practice because of its simplicity — it asks patients to summarize their functional status in a single score. Despite its widespread use, a validated Gujarati version of this tool has not been available until now. The purpose of this study was to translate and culturally adapt the SANE questionnaire into Gujarati (SANE-G), and to examine its reliability and validity in patients with musculoskeletal problems. The research was carried out in two stages. First, the questionnaire was translated and adapted according to internationally accepted guidelines to ensure cultural relevance. Second, its psychometric properties were tested in 80 Gujarati-speaking patients. Each participant completed the SANE-G twice, on Day 1 and Day 3, alongside the Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PSFS). Reliability was assessed using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), while construct validity was evaluated through Spearman’s correlation with the PSFS. The findings showed that the SANE-G had moderate test–retest reliability, with an ICC of 0.690 (95% CI: 0.555–0.789). Importantly, strong correlations were observed between SANE-G and PSFS scores (Day 1: ρ = 0.769, p < 0.001; Day 3: ρ = 0.743, p < 0.001), supporting its construct validity. On average, participants were 44.1 years old, with mean SANE-G scores of 68.3 on Day 1 and 70.9 on Day 3, and a mean PSFS score of 6.8. In conclusion, the Gujarati version of the SANE questionnaire (SANE-G) demonstrates both cultural appropriateness and sound psychometric properties. With moderate reliability and strong validity, it offers clinicians and researchers a practical tool for assessing musculoskeletal outcomes in Gujarati-speaking populations. Keywords: SANE, Gujarati, Validity, reliability, Spearman’s rho, PROMs