Impact of Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment on Macular Vascular and Functional Integrity

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the correlations between optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and macular integrity assessment (MAIA) microperimetry (MP) in both a control group and patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Additionally, it assessed differences between the groups and examined whether the time from symptom onset to surgery influenced microvascular or functional changes in the RRD group. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 47 patients who had undergone successful RRD surgery with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and sulfur-hexafluoride (SF6) gas injection, with or without scleral buckling (SB), and a control group of 136 healthy eyes. All participants underwent comprehensive ophthalmologic examinations, including BCVA, OCTA, and MAIA. In the RRD group, additional data on symptom duration, time from symptom onset to surgery, and time from surgery to testing were collected. Results: The RRD group exhibited significantly worse BCVA (p < 0.001) compared to the control group. Significant differences were found in all MAIA sectors, with controls showing superior macular integrity and average threshold values (p < 0.001). OCTA analysis revealed differences in the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP) across various sectors, particularly in the foveal avascular zone (FAZ). In the control group, the vertical diameter of the FAZ in the SCP was positively correlated with most MAIA sectors, while in the DCP, correlations were seen in nearly all sectors. The RRD group showed fewer correlations between OCTA and MAIA, and no significant correlations were found between OCTA parameters and BCVA. However, there were correlations between the time from surgery to testing and MAIA outcomes, indicating improved results with longer intervals. Earlier surgical intervention after symptom onset was associated with better microvascular outcomes. Conclusions: RRD group exhibited significant impairments in BCVA, retinal sensitivity, and microvascular parameters compared to healthy controls. Correlations between OCTA findings and microperimetry were stronger in the control group, whereas the RRD group showed fewer and weaker associations.