Mass Influx of People From Ukraine: Social Entitlements and Access to the Labour Market: Turkey 

The Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 triggered mass displacement, sending millions of Ukrainians abroad, including nearly 100,000 to Turkey. This chapter analyses the situation of Ukrainians in Turkey within the context of longstanding bilateral ties. It outlines Turkey’s legal framework for international protection and explains how many Ukrainians enter under a visa-waiver regime that allows short-term stays. The chapter reviews trends in the Ukrainian population using the most recent data and describes both formal support mechanisms and additional ad hoc assistance developed specifically for Ukrainians. It also summarises regulations governing foreigners’ employment, which apply equally to Ukrainians. Overall, most Ukrainians reside in Turkey as holders of short- or long-term residence permits rather than as refugees, contributing to generally positive experiences for both Ukrainians and host communities. Compared with other large migrant groups in Turkey, Ukrainians are relatively well-off, with rising homeownership suggesting intentions for long-term settlement.