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Unusual mortalities of the eastern black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis michaeli) due to clostridial enterotoxaemia in Ol Jogi Pyramid Sanctuary, Kenya

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Nine eastern black rhinoceroses (Diceros bicornis michaeli) developed clinical clostridial enterotoxaemia between May and July 2010 in the Pyramid Black Rhino Sanctuary within the Ol Jogi Conservancy, Laikipia, Kenya. The rhinos presented with a per-acute syndrome characterized by severe abdominal pain manifested by struggling and rolling on the ground and laboured breathing, and they died within three hours after being sighted sick. Necropsy and histopathology revealed severe pathology in the gastro-intestinal tract. Grossly, the small and large intestines were congested and oedematous. All the rhinos had variable amounts of haemorrhagic fluid in the intestines. Microscopically, the most characteristic lesion was severe necrotizing haemorrhagic enteritis. Numerous Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterial colonies that were identified to be Clostridium spp. were occasionally seen in the intestinal mucosa. Clostridium perfringens type A was isolated from the stomach contents. C. perfringens was postulated as the aetiological agent with the infection triggered probably by change of habitat following a prolonged period of drought that was followed by above-normal rainfall. Additional key words: Clostridium perfringens, necrotizing haemorrhagic enteritis Neuf rhinocéros noirs de l’est (Diceros bicornis michaeli) ont attrapé une entérotoxémie clostridienne clinique entre mai et juillet 2010 dans le sanctuaire des rhinocéros noirs de la conservation de la Pyramide d’Ol Jogi à Laikipia au Kenya. Les rhinocéros avaient un syndrome suraigu caractérisé par des douleurs abdominales aigues qui se sont manifestées par le débattement et le roulement par terre et une respiration difficile. Ils sont morts trois heures après que l’on avait constaté leur maladie. Une autopsie et une histopathologie ont révélé une pathologie grave dans le tract gastro-intestinal. En peu de mots, les petits et les grands intestins étaient congestionnés et œdémateux. Tous les rhinocéros avaient des quantités variables de liquide hémorragique dans les intestins. Au microscope, la lésion la plus caractéristique était une entérite hémorragique nécrosante aigue. On a parfois vu dans la muqueuse intestinale de nombreuses colonies bactériennes gram-positives en forme de tige identifiées comme Clostridium spp. On a isolé le Clostridium perfringens de type A à partir des contenus stomacaux. On a postulé que le Clostridium perfringens était l’agent étiologique à l’origine de l’infection déclenchée probablement par le changement d’habitat à la suite d’une période de sécheresse prolongée suivie par une pluviométrie supérieure à la normale. Mots-clés supplémentaires: Clostridium perfringens, entérite hémorragique nécrosante
Title: Unusual mortalities of the eastern black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis michaeli) due to clostridial enterotoxaemia in Ol Jogi Pyramid Sanctuary, Kenya
Description:
Nine eastern black rhinoceroses (Diceros bicornis michaeli) developed clinical clostridial enterotoxaemia between May and July 2010 in the Pyramid Black Rhino Sanctuary within the Ol Jogi Conservancy, Laikipia, Kenya.
The rhinos presented with a per-acute syndrome characterized by severe abdominal pain manifested by struggling and rolling on the ground and laboured breathing, and they died within three hours after being sighted sick.
Necropsy and histopathology revealed severe pathology in the gastro-intestinal tract.
Grossly, the small and large intestines were congested and oedematous.
All the rhinos had variable amounts of haemorrhagic fluid in the intestines.
Microscopically, the most characteristic lesion was severe necrotizing haemorrhagic enteritis.
Numerous Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterial colonies that were identified to be Clostridium spp.
were occasionally seen in the intestinal mucosa.
Clostridium perfringens type A was isolated from the stomach contents.
C.
perfringens was postulated as the aetiological agent with the infection triggered probably by change of habitat following a prolonged period of drought that was followed by above-normal rainfall.
Additional key words: Clostridium perfringens, necrotizing haemorrhagic enteritis Neuf rhinocéros noirs de l’est (Diceros bicornis michaeli) ont attrapé une entérotoxémie clostridienne clinique entre mai et juillet 2010 dans le sanctuaire des rhinocéros noirs de la conservation de la Pyramide d’Ol Jogi à Laikipia au Kenya.
Les rhinocéros avaient un syndrome suraigu caractérisé par des douleurs abdominales aigues qui se sont manifestées par le débattement et le roulement par terre et une respiration difficile.
Ils sont morts trois heures après que l’on avait constaté leur maladie.
Une autopsie et une histopathologie ont révélé une pathologie grave dans le tract gastro-intestinal.
En peu de mots, les petits et les grands intestins étaient congestionnés et œdémateux.
Tous les rhinocéros avaient des quantités variables de liquide hémorragique dans les intestins.
Au microscope, la lésion la plus caractéristique était une entérite hémorragique nécrosante aigue.
On a parfois vu dans la muqueuse intestinale de nombreuses colonies bactériennes gram-positives en forme de tige identifiées comme Clostridium spp.
On a isolé le Clostridium perfringens de type A à partir des contenus stomacaux.
On a postulé que le Clostridium perfringens était l’agent étiologique à l’origine de l’infection déclenchée probablement par le changement d’habitat à la suite d’une période de sécheresse prolongée suivie par une pluviométrie supérieure à la normale.
Mots-clés supplémentaires: Clostridium perfringens, entérite hémorragique nécrosante.

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