Detection of Essential Biomolecules Using Paper-Based Electrode Sensors

Electrochemical paper-based biosensors (EPBs) have emerged as promising tools for rapid and cost-effective detection of essential biomolecules. The Nano Electrochemical Analysis and Energy Storage (N.E.S.T.) Laboratory at the Navajo Technical University is currently developing paper-based electrodes to assess levels of essential biomolecules, such as dopamine—a neurotransmitter that is responsible for functions involving memory, motivation, and learning. Traditional methods for the electrochemical detection of biomolecules often rely on screen-printed electrodes which, though effective, pose limitations in terms of cost, environmental impact, and accessibility, especially for communities such as the Navajo Nation. In contrast to traditional electrodes, paper-based electrodes offer an innovative alternative for addesssing these challenges. The unique properties of paper substrates in the paper electrodes make them ideal platforms for sensor development, particularly in resource-limited settings.The porosity of paper essentially allows for enhanced electrochemical reactions which facilitate more sensitive and faster detection of biomolecules like dopamine. The degradability of paper materials also contrasts with the more persistent waste generated by traditional electrodes, aligning with increasing demands for eco-friendly technologies. Further, the ease of modification and functionalization of paper surfaces allows for the tailored detection of a wide range of biomolecules, such as uric acid, glucose, and ascorbic acid. This advantage makes the use of paper based electrodes highly versatile and adaptable to various health and diagnostic needs. In all, this research demonstrates that paper-based electrodes are capable of revolutionizing the field of biosensing by providing an economical, efficient, and environmentally sustainable alternative to traditional methods such as electrodes that are screen printed.