Comparative Characters Archaeology: A Hieroglyph-Based Reconstruction of the Xia Dynasty King-List from Dynasty 0 to the 18th Dynasty

This paper presents the Integration Theory of Ancient Egypt and the Xia Dynasty (Theory of Egypt-Xia, ITAEXDC), proposing a systematic correspondence between the king-list of the semi-legendary Xia Dynasty preserved in Chinese classical literature and the archaeologically attested sequence of Egyptian rulers from Dynasty 0 through the 18th Dynasty. The methodology, here termed Comparative Characters Archaeology, extends Wang Guowei's Double Evidence Method (二 重 证 据 法) by systematically comparing Egyptian hieroglyphic royal names with their proposed Chinese counterparts in oracle bone, bronze, and seal scripts across glyphic form, phonetic value, and semantic content. Central correspondences include: Scorpion I = the Yellow Emperor (黄帝); Iry-Hor (Ro) = Yao (尧); Ka/Sekhen = Shun (舜); Narmer = Yu the Great (大禹); Hor-Aha = Qi (启); the twelve clans of the Si (姒) lineage = the eight rulers of the First Dynasty; Khendjer of the 13th Dynasty = Taikang (太康); the Hyksos kings Khyan and Apepi I = Houyi (后羿) and Hanzhuo (寒 浞); Kamose of the 17th Dynasty = Shaokang (少康). Multi-faceted parallels across onomastic, genealogical, geographical, and event-historical domains, when assessed under a probabilistic framework, render coincidence statistically negligible. The theory generates falsifiable predictions and resolves long-standing anomalies in both Chinese historiography and Egyptology, including the conflation of Hor-Aha's heir with the 13th-Dynasty pharaoh Khendjer in the Records of the Grand Historian.