Development of Highly Nutritional Breads with By-Products of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) Seeds

The effect of the incorporation of various types of residual chia flour (whole, semi-defatted and defatted, with or without mucilage) on the technological quality of bread was investigated. The various types of chia flour were used to substitute 5 and 10% wt/wt of wheat flour in the bread formulations. The water absorption, dough development time and stability of blends with the presence of mucilage and the incorporation of 10% wt/wt of chia flour demonstrated the highest values in comparison with the other ones. The specific volume of the flour variants with 5% wt/wt of chia flour with mucilage were similar to the control bread; while those formulated with chia flour without mucilage exhibited a lesser volume. The incorporation of 10% wt/wt of chia flour in the formulations caused a decrease in the technological quality of the bread as expected. The bread crust and crumb colour parameters were mainly influenced by the level of chia flour substitution, which resulted in a decrease in lightness and h values. The substitution of wheat flour with 5% wt/wt of chia flour counterparts with mucilage improved the technological quality of the breads. The different oil content of the chia flours did not show any significant influence on overall quality or texture.